KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, South Africa, July 22 (Reuters) -- Seemingly oblivious to the large group of crocodiles resting on a nearby sandbank, four rare black storks sun themselves in South Africa's Kruger National Park.
      But the real danger to these elusive birds, which resemble colourful sentinels with their striking red beaks and legs set against glossy black feathers, is not the razor-sharp teeth of the crocodiles who lie just a few metres (yards) away.
      It is the teeth of chainsaws thousands of miles to the north, where old growth forests -- habitat vital to the bird's survival -- are being mowed down.
      The black stork is one of many species which scientists fear could follow the dinosaurs down the road to extinction because of human activities such as logging, farming and building dams.
      Many credible scientists fear that the sixth mass extinction in the planet's long history is unfolding -- a doomsday scenario dismissed as alarmist by some.
      A recent U.N. report, prepared ahead of a summit next month in Johannesburg on the environment and poverty, warned that 12 percent, or 1,183 bird species, and 1,130, or nearly a quarter of all mammal species, are regarded as globally threatened.
      A SIXTH EXTINCTION?
      Mass extinctions have occurred five times in the four billion year history of life.
      They are loosely defined as moments in geological history when half or more of all marine species -- which today are preserved in fossils -- die off in a short period of time. (Terrestrial life is also not believed to fare well during these periods).
      According to one book on the subject, "The Sixth Extinction," by Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, the grim reaper first visited Earth on this vast scale 450 million years ago.
      The second mass extinction took place 100 million years later, giving rise to coal forests. In the Triassic period 250 and 200 million years ago, two mass extinctions snuffed out countless species.
      Then, 65 million years ago, scientists believe the dinosaurs were killed off when a giant meteorite collided with Earth.
      Scientists say the sixth extinction will have been brought about entirely by people.
      "In the next 50 to 100 years there is a good possibility that there could be a mass extinction of species which is human-induced," said Dr Susan Lieberman, director of the Species Programme for the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
      "We are heading for a crisis. And we have to act now if we are going to avert this," she told Reuters.
      Leakey and Lewin estimate that perhaps 50 percent of all species will become extinct in the next 100 years. Others take a more measured view but agree that a crisis is looming.
      Bjorn Lomborg argues in his controversial recent book, "The Sceptical Environmentalist," that we could lose about 0.7 percent of the planet's species over the next five decades -- an estimate far below many but one which he says is "not trivial."
      Most scientists concede that the number of recorded extinctions to date is far less than the "so many lost each day" estimates cited in the more alarmist literature.
      The Committee on Recently Extinct Organisms says at least 70 species of fish, birds and mammals have disappeared since 1970.
      The WWF says 81 freshwater species of fish are recorded to have become extinct in the last 100 years. The majority, 50, were endemic to Africa's Lake Victoria and vanished because of the introduction there of the voracious Nile perch.
      Biologists say that countless species which have never been discovered -- notably in tropical rain forests and marine ecosystems -- have probably become extinct already.
      BLACK STORKS AND WILD DOGS
      The black stork and wild dog, two species in Kruger which nobody disputes are endangered, sum up the threats to many.
      The black stork's global population is about 7,000 to 9,500 nesting pairs, according to Latvian ornithologist Maris Strazds.
      The biggest population, about 4,500 to 6,000, is found in Europe, mostly in Poland, Belarus and Latvia.
      Unlike their more gregarious and numerous cousin the white stork, which often nests on farmhouses in Eastern Europe, the shy and reclusive black stork prefers to decamp far from the madding crowd in the quiet of old growth forests which are being targeted for exploitation.
      "Latvian black storks nest in pine trees which are on average around 200 years old. And trees of that age are very much in the sights of loggers," said Strazds, whose name is Latvian for thrush.
      Strazds said laws mandate a 20 hectare (50 acres) logging ban around their nests, but land owners often simply cut their trees down and plead ignorance to the presence of the birds.
      "The Latvian black stork population is bound to fall to some 500 pairs (from about 900 pairs) because of logging...but if we do not observe nest protection rules, it could fall rapidly to 20-odd pairs in two decades or so," he said.
      Habitat destruction by people is probably the primary cause of species decline.
      The U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates that forests, which cover around a third of the world's land surface, have diminished by 2.4 percent since 1990.
      The biggest losses have been in Africa, where 52.6 million hectares (130 million acres) or 0.7 percent of its forest cover has vanished in the past decade. Luckily for Kruger's black storks, their home habitat is at least protected.
      Another Kruger resident, the wild dog, highlights the age-old persecution of predators by farmers.
      Also known as the "painted wolf" because of the splashes of vivid colour across its coat, the wild dog is the second rarest carnivore in Africa after the Ethiopian wolf.
      A highly social animal that hunts in packs, its numbers have been reduced to an estimated 5,000 -- mostly in parts of southern Africa and Tanzania -- mainly because of shooting and poisoning by farmers worried about their livestock.
      But even in a conservation stronghold such as Kruger, its numbers are dwindling.
      "The number of wild dogs here is down to under 200 now from over 400 a few years ago, and we really don't know why," said Kruger zoologist Gus Mills.
      This is a cause for concern because, given their reputation with farmers and their small numbers, it seems doubtful they could survive for long outside protected or very remote areas.
      OTHER THREATS
      There are other threats to species besides habitat loss and persecution, including global warming and pollution.
      Humanity's soaring population, especially in developing countries, is seen as putting added pressure on land and scarce resources, to the detriment of the other species we share the planet with.
      The WWF's most recent Living Planet Index (LPI), based on population trends of hundreds of species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish, has fallen 37 percent over the past 30 years.
      "...Current human consumptive pressure is unsustainable," it says.
      Humanity's impact on biodiversity will be high on the agenda at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, known as Earth Summit 2, which will be held in Johannesburg from August 26-September 4.
      Conservationists hope historians do not look back five decades from now and see it as a missed opportunity to avert what could be the greatest loss of life on the planet since the death of the dinosaurs.

      STRASBOURG, France (AP) -- In its latest country reports, Europe's top human rights body Tuesday said Finland, Latvia, Malta and Ukraine need to do more to combat racism and anti-Semitism.
      The Council of Europe's Commission against Racism and Intolerance, said "positive developments" had occurred in all four countries, but cited "continuing grounds for concern."
      In Finland, gypsies and immigrants may face discrimination in employment or housing as well as harassment or even violence, it said. National programs to combat such problems "do not always successfully filter down to the local level," it said.
      In Latvia, many Russian speakers are still non-citizens and "risk exclusion and marginalization," it said. It also called for beefing up laws against discrimination.
      The commission called on Malta to introduce programs to combat stereotypes and prejudices among the general public.
      Minorities in Ukraine "experience difficulties in various areas of life, including relations with the police," it said.

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      On the Net:
      CoE Commission: http://www.coe.int/ecri

      TALLINN (Reuters) -- A group representing Estonian soldiers who sided with Hitler during World War II said on Tuesday it would unveil a monument next week to honor them, dredging up painful memories of Estonia's wartime past.
      Prime Minister Siim Kallas condemned the move, a reflection of the country's struggle to come to grips with its experience during the 1940s, when the tiny Baltic state was trampled by German and Soviet invasions.
      Supporters of the monument -- featuring a man in an Estonian Waffen SS uniform -- say it is meant to pay tribute to the soldiers' fight to halt Soviet dictator Josef Stalin's tyranny by taking up arms with the Nazis on the Russian front.
      An inscription says it is dedicated "To all Estonian servicemen who died in the second war for the liberation of the the fatherland and a free Europe in 1940-1945."
      The prime minister said it could tarnish the country's image as it eyes European Union and NATO membership this year.
      "It is regrettable that a monument with such text and strong expression emerged," Kallas told a news conference Tuesday.
      "It will certainly cause a lot of trouble in Estonia and abroad. I don't think government members should attend the opening of this monument."
      Estonia hopes NATO's November summit in Prague will result in an invitation to join. It is also working to complete EU entry talks by December so it can join around 2004.
      The municipal government of Parnu, the site of the monument, is expected to meet this week to consider whether to ban it.
      An SS insignia had originally been etched into the soldier's helmet, but was subsequently removed.
      The Nazis occupied Estonia in 1941 when they drove out the Soviets, who had invaded the Baltic states the year before in a brutal occupation during which tens of thousands were executed or shipped to Siberian camps.
      Many in Estonia and neighboring Latvia and Lithuania welcomed Germans as liberators and were shocked when the Nazis began their own repression and slaughter of Jews.
      Nazi hunters say some locals also helped carry out atrocities. Earlier this month the Simon Wiesenthal Center sent a list of alleged war criminals to Estonian authorities, asking for assistance in tracking them down.
      The Estonian security police announced Tuesday they had found no evidence the men, former members of a Nazi police battalion, attacked Jews.
      "The security police have also found that none of the 16 people listed is in Estonia at present," the police said in a statement.
      When the Soviets began rolling back the Germans, many Estonians volunteered to fight with the Nazis to prevent a second communist occupation. Others were conscripted.
      "Of course Europeans will not understand us," said Leo Tammiksaar, a history enthusiast and private initiator of the monument.
      "We made this (monument) for our soldiers and not for Brussels."

      MOSCOW (AP) -- Russia's defense minister said Monday that Moscow would not build up its forces in the Baltic region as the ex-Soviet Baltic states prepare to join NATO, but insisted that keeping Russia's existing forces combat ready is a top priority.
      Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov warned earlier this month that Moscow would "react" if NATO builds bases in Lithuania, Latvia or Estonia. He said Russia could not rule out military measures in response.
      But during a visit to Russia's military base in the Baltic enclave of Kaliningrad on Monday, he said, "We are not going to respond to this by building up our forces in the Kaliningrad region and saber-rattling," according to the Interfax and ITAR-Tass news agencies.
      "However, the state of our forces in the region and their rearming are a priority for Russian authorities," Ivanov said, adding that maintaining combat readiness of naval forces in the region was a priority and a "guarantee of national security."
      He was quoted as saying Russia's Baltic Fleet would soon obtain new submarines and surface battleships, but that they would replace vessels slated for decommissioning and were not part of a buildup in the region.
      Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have made joining NATO a priority since they regained independence in 1991 with the Soviet collapse, and they are widely expected to be invited to join the alliance at a summit in November. Russia opposes the eastward expansion of its former Cold War enemy toward its borders, but has strengthened cooperation with NATO in recent months.
      Ivanov also expressed concern that Russian servicemen based in Kaliningrad will likely need visas to travel to the rest of Russia overland when the enclave's neighbors Poland and Lithuania join the European Union in 2004. The issue has been the key thorn in otherwise warming Russian-European ties.
      He said it would be a "violation of human rights" to require such visas, according to Interfax.

      LONDON, July 29 (Reuters) -- Following are some of the major events to have occurred on August 5 since 1900:
      1940 -- Latvia was absorbed into the Soviet Union as the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic.
      1995 -- The United States and Vietnam declared an end to decades of enmity, formally established diplomatic ties and pledged a new era of cooperation.