Scattered lives and dreams
Following the end of the war, the first collective destination for the vast majority of Latvian refugees who had fled the second Soviet occupation was displaced persons (DP) refugee camps set up in post-WWII Germany. The majority of those were in the British and American Zones, with far fewer in the French Zone. In contrast, the Soviets repatriated individuals and also expelled ethnic Germans from Czechoslovakia, with the result there was no refugee population to speak of.
The DP camps were administered by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration↗ (UNRRA), but beyond that, camps' inhabitants were largely self-organized and self-managed. (Camps were turned over to the IRO, International Refugee Organization, as of July 1, 1947, following a transition of operational responsibility.) Latvians published their own newspapers and periodicals, staffed their own medical facilities and schools, and carried on their cultural life through art, crafts, literature, and music. (Peters' father was an art teacher.) Their hope for home had not yet dimmed—fleeing into exile, many, like Peters' godfather, had buried family valuables for their eventual return, never thinking they would not live to see their homeland free again.
Romanticizing the DP era
Regardless which camp, whether large or small, all three Baltic peoples organized into microcosms of their homeland despite hurdles such as cramped quarters, lack of heating, furniture shortages,... — all amid the ruins of WWII.
The Esslingen DP camp is often held out as an example of the best of DP life. The camp fostered a vibrant community where Latvians were empowered to develop their own initiatives and overcome daily challenges. They organized their own council and board to manage daily life. Welfare programs were active, with medical services, inoculations, and the communal distribution of clothes, while social activities such as sports, scouts, and artistic performances thrived, showcasing a busy and enterprising spirit within the community. The preservation and promotion of Latvian culture, including language, traditions, arts, crafts, literature, and music, was seen as a moral imperative and an act of defiance against the Soviet regime. The camp boasted an extensive educational system, including elementary and high schools, a technical high school, a trade school, and a University Extension offering practical courses in various crafts, with many students also attending universities in other German towns. The Latvians in Esslingen were noted for their high level of education, with one in ten having university education and over 1,200 being high school graduates. The camp established a numerous workshops and enterprises — such as woodworking, tailoring, shoe-making, watchmaking, tinsmithing, and radio repair — not only to meet daily needs but also to teach handicrafts that would help DPs earn a living abroad. Latvians hoped their industriousness was a way to demonstrate their worth to the West so that they could be welcomed as constructive contributors rather than a burden on society.
An eight-year-old who emigrated to a new life in 1950 after spending five years growing up in the camps would be eighty-four years old today. The DP era has largely passed into lore, and what is memorialized most about the DP era is Latvians rising above and conquering their circumstances.
Like many of those whose parents or grandparents or even earlier generations were in the DP camps, the artifacts we have of that time are few and precious — and only hint at the past. We combed digitized DP era documents↗ and camp newspapers↗ and transcribed and translated to reconstruct and share that story. And hope it may inspire those of you who thought the past was lost.
Hardships of refugee life
„ Lūdz uzlabot apstākļus “
Baltijas tautu sieviešu padome pēdējā sēdē pārrunāja DP veselības stāvokļa pasliktināšanos nometnēs slikto dzīves apstākļu un nepietiekamā uztura dēļ un nolēma iesniegt memorandu ASV bruņoto spēku virspavēlniekam Vācijā ģen. Klejam, lūdzot gādāt par apstākļu uzlabošanu. Iesniegumā minēti no atsevišķām nometnēm savāktie dati par tbc un citu slimību izplatību, faktisko saņemtā uztura daudzumu un dzīves apstākļiem. K. M
 — TĒVIJA Nr. 27 (34) 1947. April 15th
“Petition to improve conditions”
The Baltic Women's Council discussed at its last meeting the deterioration of the health of POWs in the camps because of poor living conditions and malnutrition and decided to submit a memorandum to the Commander-in-Chief of the US Armed Forces in Germany, Gen. Clay↗, requesting that conditions be improved. The submission cited data collected from individual camps on the prevalence of tuberculosis and other diseases, the actual amount of food received, and living conditions. [our translation]
What was the actual story on the ground? We already mentioned food scarcity. Living conditions remained harsh. Far from DP camps overflowing with the industrious, in Esslingen, for example, nearly half of the camp population consisted of small to school-age children, and old or sick people who were unable to work. And more than a few needed to carry around index cards to remind them of the daily chores they needed to do to support communal life. Workshops improvised, fashioning tin cans into kitchen utensils. Yet, the "romanticizing" alleged is not symptomatic of forgetting these hardships — and worse.
First Christmas and New Year's as DPs
Rather, it is honoring Latvians who bonded into a community and preserved tradition in the face of these hardships. How might Latvians have celebrated their first holidays in the DP camps? Christmas and New Year's from the "Life in our Camp" column of Mītnes viesis, January 5, 1946.
„ Ziemas svētki Halles nometnē. “
Teksts pārsvarā ir vecajā ortogrāfijā, izņemot garos patskaņus, kur "ā" vietā lietots "á" utt.
Gausi náca, driz aizgája, tie bagáti Ziemassvétki. Simtu svecíschu gaismá atmirdzéja 23. decembrí Halles latvieschu nometnes svétku eglíte. Svétrunu teica nometnes mác. J. Silinsch, izlúdzot Dieva svétíbu stiprinát mús trimdienieku gaitás un laut atgriezties májás — dzimtené. Svétku programmu izpildíja skolas un bérnu dárza audzekni. Sekoja vesela virkne deklamáciju. Ziemassvétku dziesmas dziedája skolénu grupa. Ká svinéja latvieschi Ziemassvétkus, varéjám vérot uz skatuves mazo aktieru izpildíjumá. Uzvedums bija sastádíts no tautas dziesmám un dejám. Redzéjm, ká budelíschi ierodas músu lauku sétás un ar májas saimnieci svin Ziemassvétkus, Noslégumá vingrotáju grupa uzveda vingrojumus un, skolas audzekni dejoja músu skaistás tautas dejas. Mazie dejotáji bija térpuschies tautas térpos, kuros redzot silts prieks ieplúst katram sirdí. Péc priekschnesumiem mazos pársteidza Ziemassvétku vecíscha ieraschanás ar lielu dávanu maisu. Saņéma katrs audzéknis krietni lielu maisiņu ar cepumiem un saldumiem un mazákie bérni vél katrs pa glítai rotellietinai. Daudz púlu bij pielikuschi skolotáji un vecáki, lai músu jaunatnei saríkotu patíkamu vakaru. Péc priekschnesumiem jaunatne kavéjás rotaļás un tautas dejás. Svétku norisé noskatíjás Melles UNRRA's viesi un izteica prieku par músu jaunatni, kas bez izņémuma loti teicami izpildíja katru priekschnesumu. Viesi mazos deklamatorus apbalvoja ar dazchám rotaļlietiņám un saldumiem.
“Christmas at Halle camp.”
The unfolding of our celebration was watched by guests from Melle UNRRA, who expressed joy about our youth, who, without exception, very commendably delivered each performance. The guests rewarded the little reciters with a few toys and sweets.3
„ Jaungada sagaidíschana músu nometné. “
Teksts pārsvarā ir vecajā ortogrāfijā, izņemot garos patskaņus, kur "ā" vietā lietots "á" utt.
31. decembrí pulcéjás nometnes zálé tautieschi, lai sagaidítu Jauno gadu. Vakars bija organizéts grozinvakara veidá. Vecgada vakara priekschnesumus sniedaa nomtnes dubultkvartets. Novélésim labas sekmes jaunajai vieníbai, lai dziesmu prieks viņos neapsíktu. Tápat pirmo reizi nometné notika teatra uzdevums. Uzveda Annas Brigadere „Caukstenes". Panákumi teicami un gaidísim ar turpmákás izrádes. Bez tam vél noklausíjamies klarnetes zolo un citus priekschnesumus. Dazchas minutes pirms divpadsmitiem Vecais gads atvdijás no nometnes iemítniekiem un atgádinája 1945. g. latvieschu stávokli. Ar 12. gonga sitienu vecais, gads ir aizgájis un vina vietá nák Jaunais gads. Jaunais gads, kas térpies tautiská térpá uzruná tautieschus un saka, ka nákamais gads prasís izturíbu un vienotíbu un nesalauzchamu ticíbu labákai latvieschu nákotnei. Sekoja komandanta J. Stúríscha apsveikums un labákie novéléjumi 1946. g. nometnes iemítniekiem. Atc«roties dzimteni visi vjenojás kopéjá lugschaná Dievs svéti Latviju.
“Welcoming the New Year in our camp.”
On December 31st, compatriots gathered in the camp hall to welcome the New Year. The evening was organized as a potluck dinner. The New Year’s eve performances were given by the camp’s double quartet. Let us wish success to the new ensemble, that the joy of song within them not fade. Also, for the first time in the camp, a theatrical performance took place. Anna Brigadere’s “Caukstenes” was performed. It was an exemplary success, and we await further performances. Additionally, we heard a clarinet solo and other performances. A few minutes before midnight, the Old Year bid farewell to the camp’s inhabitants and reminded them of the state of Latvians in the year 1945. With the 12th strike of the gong, the Old Year departed, and in its place came the New Year. The New Year, dressed in national costume, addressed the compatriots and said that the coming year would demand endurance, unity, and unbreakable faith in a better future for Latvians. This was followed by a greeting from Commandant J. Stūrītis and best wishes for 1946 to the camp’s inhabitants. Remembering the homeland, all joined together in the common prayer: God Bless Latvia.
All this while suffering the loss of home, homeland, and personal losses of family and friends. Existential fear of repatriation abounded, as did fears of possible cultural assimilation in foreign lands and extinguishing of Latvian identity. There was no returning to Soviet Latvia. Or to their family valuables they had hastily buried, expecting to return. As citizens of the USSR under Soviet law, they were categorized as defectors and therefore traitors, let alone Peters' parents, who were listed for the next mass deportation shortly after the first↗, per documents found after the Soviet retreat. The Nazi German invasion a week later↗ had saved them.
There was no turning back for Latvians.
Latvian-centric UNRRA Displaced Persons Camps
The June 8, 1946 issue of newspaper Nākotnes Ceļš: Latviešu nometnes laikraksts Ķīlē, Nr.82, The Road Into the Future: Latvian Camp Newspaper in Kiel, reported 135,000 Latvians in 225 camps in Germany. That is an average of only 600 Latvians per camp, a measure of the fragmentation of the Latvian community during the DP era.
These are some of the most-frequently mentioned DP Camps with prominent Latvian populations. We have also added ones which housed our parents at some point.
- Augsburg DP Camp (Bavaria, US Zone) – Hosted many Latvians, including artists and intellectuals.
- Dedelstorf DP Camp (Lower Saxony) - Former military barracks repurposed for Latvian/Estonian refugees (1945–1947).
- Diepholz DP Camp (Lower Saxony) - Processed DPs for resettlement; Latvian scouts were active here.
- Esslingen DP Camp (Württemberg-Baden, US Zone) – A major center for Latvian cultural activities.
- Eutin DP Camp (Schleswig-Holstein, British Zone) – A camp for mainly Balts and Yugoslavs.
- Flensburg DP Camp (British Zone) – Transit hub for Baltic DPs; later housed Latvians awaiting resettlement.
- Hanover DP Camp (British Zone) – Temporarily housed Latvian refugees before relocation.
- Haselünne DP Camp (Emsland, Lower Saxony) - Smaller facility, primarily for agricultural workers.
- Hesepe DP Camp (near Bramsche, Lower Saxony) - Housed Latvian families; part of a network of smaller camps around Osnabrück.
- Junkers DP Camp (Kassel) (Hesse, US Zone) – Former factory site; key Latvian center with schools and political groups.
- Ludwigsburg DP Camp (Württemberg-Baden, US Zone) – Known for Latvian scout organizations.
- Melle DP Camp (Lower Saxony, British Zone) – Small camp with Latvian families; hosted cultural events.
- Memmingen DP Camp (Bavaria, US Zone) – Significant Latvian population with active cultural life.
- Nuremberg (Nürnberg) DP Camp (Bavaria, US Zone) – Included "Valka-Lager", a Latvian/Estonian sub-camp and one of the largest camps.
- Pöhlde DP Camp (Lower Saxony, British Zone) – Smaller camp with Latvian refugees.
- Regensburg DP Camp (Bavaria, US Zone) – Latvian choir and folk dance groups were active here.
- Schleswig DP Camp (British Zone) – Served as a transit camp for Baltic DPs.
- Uelzen DP Camp (Lower Saxony, British Zone) – Latvian schools and newspapers operated here.
- Wolterdingen DP Camp (near Soltau, Lower Saxony) - Temporary housing for Baltic DPs before transfer to larger camps.
- Würzburg DP Camp (Bavaria, US Zone) – A key center for Latvian education and publishing.
Following is the Latvian DP population as gathered by the Latvians, four months after the end of WWII. This article appeared in Latvju Ziņas Nr. 32 (01 September 1945).
„ MŪSU BĒGĻI VACIJĀ. “
MINCHENĒ — Bavārijas latviešu komitējā darbojas prof. A. Švābe, red. A. Baltkājis, red. A. Rudzis, Dr. Sarma, inž. E. Palde uc. Adrese: Prinz Regent-str. 3, München. Minchenē ir apm. 680 latviešu, no tiem 250 dzīvo privāti, pārējie 3 nometnēs. Bavāriešiem tieksme atbrīvoties no ārzemniekiem.
VILDFLEKENĀ (amerik. joslā) ir apm. 1500 iatviešu. Komit. Arv. Dravnieks, O. Silis, J. Lejiņš.
CELLĒ ir apm. 320 latviešu, kopā ar apkārtni līdz 450. Latviešu komitejā P. Ozois, J. Mežraups, Dr. A. Briedis, inž. A. Arājs. Pārtiku dod UNRRA, saņemtas 1 reizi Kanādas Sark. krusta paciņas.
HANNOVERĀ ir 120 latv. Latviešu pārstāvis baltiešu komitejā — Beņķis.
BRAUNŠVEIGAS nometne 362 latviešu,kopā ar apkārtniīīdz 700. Latviešu pārstāvis un baltiešu komitejas priekšnieks — Fr. Ošs.
GOSLARĀ kopā ar citiem baltiešiem 150 latviešu.
GETINGENĀ un apkārtne apm. 300 latv. Komitejā Dr. O. Plekšs, veterin. Rakovskis, L. Šulcs uc. Daudzi latvieši te dzivo ļoti trūcigi.
KESELES nometnē 346 latv. UNRRA apgādē. Amerikāņu komandantūra. Komitejā Dr. Makstinieks, Dr. Birzgalis uc.
FULDA 232 latv. Komitejas priekšsēdis A. Apse.
VIRCBURGA pavisam 3 latv. nometnes. Ziemeļu nometnē 378 latv.; komitejā Ā. Reiznieks, R. Opss. Uzturs no UNRRAs. Epa ielas nometnē 120 latv.; komitejā A. Ķesteris, Dr. E. Spunde. Pārtiku dod amerikāņu karaspēks. Kājnieku kazarmju nometnē, sagrautās ēkās, uzturas 900 latviešu. Komitejā Arnoldijs un doc. Neimanis. Visas 3 nometnes dzivo aiz stiepļu žogiem, bet pārtikas devas labas.
NIRNBERGA apm. 1490 latviešu. Komitejā dir. J. Poruks, senātors Kalācis uc.
ERLANGENAS nometnē 100 latviešu, Bambergas — 134 un Augsburgas — 1500 latviešu.
HEIDENHEIMA ir 200 latv. Te uzturas Latv. sark. krusta pārstāvis amerikāņu un franču joslā R. Liepiņš ar sekret. K. Kalniņu.
INGOLŠTATES nometnē apm. 500 latv. UNRRAs uzturā. Liela sabiedriska rosība, darbojas skola. Komitejā inž. Erdmanis, Reinfelds uc.
AUGSBURGĀ ap 700 latv. Komitejā Tilmanis, J. Kalniņš uc.
KARLOVĀ (pie Pilzenes) apm. 500 latv. Komitejā Dr. Zaķītis, adv. Priedītis, adv. Akmeņkalns.
KEMPTENĒ nometnēs 600, bet apkārtnē 400 latviešu. Komitejā cand. phil. Lejasmeiers, Dr. J. Pone, P. Dambekalns uc.
MOMMINGENĒ 350 latv.; komitejā arch. Balodis, inž. J. Vītols uc.
HEIDELBERGA apm. 400 latv.
 — Latvju Ziņas Nr. 32, 9 septembris 1945
“OUR REFUGEES IN GERMANY.”
IN MUNICH — The Latvian Committee of Bavaria includes Prof. A. Švābe, Editor A. Baltkājis, Editor A. Rudzis, Dr. Sarma, Engineer E. Palde, and others. Address: Prinz Regent-str. 3, Munich. There are approx. 680 Latvians in Munich, 250 of whom live privately, the rest in 3 camps. Bavarians have a tendency to free themselves of foreigners.
IN WILDFLECKEN (American zone) there are approx. 1500 Latvians. Committee: Arv. Dravnieks, O. Silis, J. Lejiņš.
IN CELLE there are about 320 Latvians, together with the surrounding area up to 450. In the Latvian committee: P. Ozois, J. Mežraups, Dr. A. Briedis, Eng. A. Arājs. Food is provided by UNRRA, Canadian Red Cross parcels have been received once.
IN HANNOVER there are 120 Latvians. Latvian representative in the Baltic committee — Beņķis.
BRAUNSCHWEIG camp has 362 Latvians, with surrounding area up to 700. Latvian representative and chairman of the Baltic committee — Fr. Ošs.
IN GOSLAR, together with other Balts, 150 Latvians.
IN GÖTTINGEN and surrounding area approx. 300 Latvians. In the committee: Dr. O. Plekšs, veterinarian Rakovskis, L. Šulcs, and others. Many Latvians here live in very needy conditions.
IN KASSEL camp 346 Latvians under UNRRA care. American commandant. In the committee: Dr. Makstinieks, Dr. Birzgalis, and others.
FULDA — 232 Latvians. Committee chairman: A. Apse.
WÜRZBURG — altogether 3 Latvian camps. In the northern camp 378 Latvians; in the committee: Ā. Reiznieks, R. Opss. Sustenance from UNRRA. In the Epa Street camp, 120 Latvians; committee: A. Ķesteris, Dr. E. Spunde. Food provided by American forces. In the Infantry Barracks camp, in ruined buildings, reside 900 Latvians. Committee: Arnoldijs and Assoc. Prof. Neimanis. All 3 camps are behind barbed wire fences, but food rations are good.
NÜRNBERG — approx. 1490 Latvians. Committee: Dir. J. Poruks, Senator Kalācis, and others.
IN ERLANGEN camp — 100 Latvians; Bamberg — 134; and Augsburg — 1500 Latvians.
IN HEIDENHEIM — 200 Latvians. The Latvian Red Cross representative in the American and French zones resides here: R. Liepiņš with secretary K. Kalniņš.
IN INGOLSTADT camp — approx. 500 Latvians under UNRRA care. Vibrant community activity, a school operates. Committee: Eng. Erdmanis, Reinfelds, and others.
IN AUGSBURG — about 700 Latvians. Committee: Tilmanis, J. Kalniņš, and others.
IN KARLOVY VARY (near Pilsen) — approx. 500 Latvians. Committee: Dr. Zaķītis, Lawyer Priedītis, Lawyer Akmeņkalns.
IN KEMPTEN — 600 Latvians in camps, 400 in the surrounding area. Committee: cand. phil. Lejasmeiers, Dr. J. Pone, P. Dambekalns, and others.
IN MEMMINGEN — 350 Latvians; committee: Arch. Balodis, Eng. J. Vītols, and others.
IN HEIDELBERG — approx. 400 Latvians.
—Latvju Ziņas No. 32, 9 September 1945
Lower Saxony Latvian camp population, 1949
Browsing through later periodicals, we found a news article in Nedēļas Apskats (Weekly Roundup) Nr. 170, June 3, 1949 featuring statistics on Latvians in the camps in Lower Saxony, which fell under the British Zone except for American-administerd Bremen.
„ Kā dzīvo 10.000 tautiešu “
STATISTIKA PAR LATVIEŠIEM LEJASSAKSIJĀ
Latviešu un jauktās nometnēs Lejassaksijā un privātās mītnēs dzīvo 10 069 tautiešu. Lielākā nometne ir Sengvardene ar 1430 iedzīvotājiem. Pavisam latvieši izvietoti 57 vietās, no tām 12 novietojumos pastāv 18 latviešu sardžu vadi. Pēc pašu latviešu vērtējuma, telpu stāvoklis 15 novietojumos ir labs, 1 ļoti labs, bet 1 gadījumā neapmierinošs. Uztura kvalitāte 9 vietās ļoti laba vai laba, bet neapmierinoša 4 vietās.
Nodarbinātības jautājumā iegūtas šādas stētiskas ziņas: nometņu iekšējos darbos strādā 940, angļu aprūpes iestādēs — 724, vācu saimniecībā — 283, pašu latviešu saimnieciskos uzņēmumos — 246. Šai uzskaitē nav aptvertas visas nodarbinātības grupas. 1379 darba spējīgie latvieši darbā nav iesaistīti. Pēdējos 3 mēnešos no Lejassakcijas uz dažādām valstīm emigrējuši 373 latvieši, repatriējušies 4, bet nometnes atstājusi un uzskatāmi par bezvēsts prombūtnē esošiem 38. Labprātīgi vācu aprūpē pārgāuši arī 38 tautieši, bet dažādās aptaujās no IRO aprūpes izslēgti 14.
Apgabalā no janvāra līdz aprīlim noslēgta 21 tīra latviešu laulība, bet 19 gadījumos latvieši salaulājušies ar sveštautietēm, 16 gad. ar vāciešiem. Latvietes ar sveštautiešiem laulības šai posmā nav slēgušas. Vieninieku Lejassaksijā ir 1636, no tiem 807 ir bij. karavīri. Dzimuši pārskata laikā 25 bērni, miruši 16 tautieši. Likumīgi šķirtas 6 tīri lat viskas laulības. Vd.
“How 10,000 Compatriots Live”
STATISTICS ON LATVIANS IN LOWER SAXONY
10,069 compatriots live in Latvian and mixed camps in Lower Saxony and in private residences. The largest camp is Sengwarden with 1,430 residents. In total, Latvians are situated in 57 locations, and in 12 of these there are 18 Latvian guard units. According to Latvian evaluations, the condition of living quarters in 15 places is good, in 1 very good, but in 1 case unsatisfactory. The quality of food is very good or good in 9 places, but unsatisfactory in 4.
On the question of employment, the following statistics were obtained: 940 work in internal camp jobs, 724 in British care institutions, 283 in German households, and 246 in Latvian-run economic enterprises. This count does not cover all employment groups. 1,379 able-bodied Latvians are unemployed. In the last 3 months, 373 Latvians have emigrated from Lower Saxony to various countries, 4 have repatriated, and 38 have left the camps and are considered missing. Another 38 compatriots have voluntarily transferred to German care, and in various surveys, 14 have been excluded from IRO care.4
In the region, from January to April, 21 purely Latvian marriages were concluded, but in 19 cases Latvians [men] married foreign women, in 16 of those with Germans. No Latvian women married foreigners in this period. There are 1,636 singles in Lower Saxony, of whom 807 are former soldiers. During the reporting period, 25 children were born, and 16 compatriots died. 6 purely Latvian marriages were legally divorced. Vd.
DP camp sources
There are a number of excellent online sources to read more about the DP camps and DP camp era.
- "Germany" page↗ at dpcamps.org. Your browser might complain it's not a "secure site."
- Camps in Germany for Refugees from Baltic Countries↗ at the Latvian State Archives
Whither Latvians?
Peters' parents arrived in America thanks to sponsorship by Latvians already here and through the aegis of Lutheran World Action and the National Lutheran Council. Meanwhile, Peters' mom's cousin Ervīns and his family wound up in Australia.
We found an issue of the DP era newspaper LATVIJA, Nr. 27 (34) 1947. April 15th, that led on page 2 with the column "Kā mēs varētu izceļot." There was genuine concern that the West would only take who they wanted, leaving the elderly and infirm to fend for themselves. Families were already being split as Great Britain invited women to come work, and women accepted, with only the promise to some day in the future permit their family to join.
„ Kā mēs varētu izceļot “
Izceļošanas jautājumā jau samanāmi vairāki attīstības posmi. Vispirms par to nevēlējāmies pat ieminēties, tad pamazām bijām spiesti atzīt, ka no emigrācijas, laikam, nevarēs izvairīties. Tad ari mūsu centrālās iestādes atzina, ka ar klusēšanu vien šo jautājumu nevarēs atrisināt. Tagad jau ir zināmi mūsu pārstāvību norādījumi par izceļošanas iespējamību un vēlamību uz vienu vai otru zemi. Šķiet, pūles un izrīcību šajā virzienā vēl kāpinot, ari paši varēsim iespaidot varbūtējās izceļošanas virzienu.
Kad centrālās iestādes sāka pārrunāt emigrācijas jautājumu, tad laikrakstos lasījām, ka „ja jau izceļot, tad tikai visiem kopā”. Nebija un nav ko iebilst pret šo skaisto domu. Bet dzīve diemžēl drīz vien rādīja, ka īstenībā notiek pavisam kas cits. Anglija aicināja baltiešu sievietes darbam mājsaimniecībā un slimnīcās. Mūsu iestādes atzina, ka šo aicinājumu nevajadzētu noraidīt. Vispirms aizbrauca daži desmiti, tad daži simti un tagad jau dzird par vairāku tūkstošu baltiešu aizbraukšanu darbā uz Angliju. Tās aizbrauca vienas. Tiesa, ir solīts, ka pēc zināma laika aizbraucējas varēs aicināt pie sevis arī ģimenes. Bet arī tad tā nebūs braukšana visiem kopā. Še es domāju invalidus un arī vecākus cilvēkus, kas pazaudējuši savus darba spējīgos piederīgos. Jau tagad nometnē viņiem klājas diezgan grūti. Kas gan notiks ar tiem, ja aizceļosim atsevišķi?
Anglijas piedāvājumi sekoja Beļģijas piedāvājums mūsu spēcīgākai daļai — jauniem vīriešiem darbā uz ogļraktuvēm. Nerunājot par to, vai šis darbs mums vispār ir piemērots vai nē, atkal jākonstatē, ka tie, no kā mūsu izceļošanas vai ieceļošanas iespējas atkarājas, nemaz nedomā par kaut kādu mūsu izceļošanu visiem kopā. Piekritīgās iestādes vairākkārt norādījušas, ka par kaut kādu masveidīgu izceļošanu nevar būt runa, jo nav neviena valsts, kas labprātīgi gribētu uzņemt pāris simts tūkstošus lielu slēgtu un organizētu minoritāti. Kanāda, kas tagad uzsākusi dažādu speciālistu reģistrāciju imigrācijai, atklāti pasaka, ka tā nevēlas atkārtot kļūdu, ko reiz pielaidusi, uzņemot ap 200.000 krievu menonītu emigrantu, kas dzīvo slēgtā vienībā un vēl tagad nav ieslēgušies Kanādas dzīvē tā, kā kanadieši to vēlētos.
Negribu apgalvot, ka mūsu interesēs būtu visiem spēkiem palīdzēt tai zemei, kas mūs uzņem, mūs pārtauto. Ja mums tagad jārunā par izceļošanu, tad ne tāpēc, ka mēs būtu zaudējuši visas cerības atgriezties brīvā Latvijā, bet tāpēc, ka mēs redzam, ka ilga palikšana Vācijā mums nav iespējama. To ir konstatējis ari LCK priekšsēdis prof. A. Švābe savā priekšlasījumā Hanavā.
Kanādas piedāvājums, kaut gan trūkst noteiktas informācijas par tā realitāti, izraisījis jaunas pārrunas un jaunu saviļņojumu to tautiešu vidū, kas atkarīgi no mums kā no latviešu tautas daļas. Invalidi ar rūgtumu norāda, ka tautieši sākot aizmirst savus solījumus un tagad tikai meklējot katrs sev kādu iespēju aizbraukt.
Jautājums ir smags. Vienā pusē ir mūsu pienākums pret darba nespējīgajiem, otrā — imigrācijas zemes nevēlēšanās uzņemt tai nevajadzīgus un darba nespējīgus ļaudis. Mums diemžēl nav varas, lai piespiestu Angliju, Kanādu, Braziliju, Argentīnu vai kādu citu zemi, lai tā ļauj mums braukt visiem. Un tomēr, šķiet, ka mums ir kāda cita iespēja.
Vai mūsu vadītājas iestādes nevarētu iesniegt priekšlikumus imigrācijas zemēm ar reāliem piedāvājumiem, kā mēs vēlētos braukt un ko mēs varētu dot imigrācijas valstij? Arī Bavārijas apgabala padome jau nākusi ar līdzīgu ierosinājumu. Neprasīsim to, ko mums neviens nedos. Bet liekas, ja būtu reāls piedāvājums, pret to nevarētu būt iebildumu arī zemei, kas mūs uzņem, piemēram, ja mēs piedāvātos braukt nelielās, dzīvot spējīgās darba grupās, varbūt pa 1000 cilvēku. Kanāda domā mūs novietot tajos apgabalos, kur iedzīvotāju vēl trūkst. Tādos apstākļos tā būs kolonizātoru dzīve. Nevieni no mums, arī kvalificētie darbinieki, inženieri un būvtechniķi, tur nejutīsies kā savās mājās, jo celt māju Rīgā ir pavisam kas cits, nekā celt to neapdzīvotā apgabalā. Vienam vai vienai ģimenei tas būs ļoti grūti un arī imigrācijas zemei nebūs cerēto ieguvumu.
Ja turpretim mums būtu iespēja izbraukt jau šeit noorganizētās izceļotāju vienībās, kas būtu sastādītas uz proporcionālitātes pamatiem, aptverot visas vajadzīgās profesijas, tad mēs varētu paņemt līdz arī apgādājamos un vecos ļaudis. Domājams, ka arī imigrācijas zemei nevarētu būt iebildumu pret šādu darba grupu uzņemšanu, jo nebūtu jābaidās no nacionālu minoritāšu rašanās. Reizē likvidētos arī valodu grūtības, jo pašā sākumā izceļotāji varētu iztikt ar tēvu valodu.
Ja priekšlikumu par darba grupu organizēšanu izdotos realizēt, tad būtu atrisināti reizē divi jautājumi — izceļošana visiem kopā un darba nespējīgo līdzņemšanas iespejas.
 — Kārlis Pagasts
“How we might emigrate”
On the issue of our exodus, several stages of development are already apparent. At first, we did not even want to mention it, then gradually we were compelled to acknowledge, that we likely could not avoid emigration. Our central authorities then also admitted that keeping quiet would not alone be able to resolve this issue. Now the conclusions of our representations on the possibility and desirability of emigration to one country or another are already known. It seems that, increasing the effort and action in this direction, we ourselves will also be able to influence the destination of possible exodus.
When the central authorities began to discuss the question of emigration, we read in the newspapers that "if we are to emigrate, then only everyone together." There was and is no objection to this noble thought. But life, unfortunately, soon revealed that something completely different was taking place. England invited Baltic women to work in households and hospitals. Our institutions acknowledged that this invitation ought not be rejected. At first, a few dozen left, then a few hundred, and now we are hearing about several thousand Baltics departing to England to work. They left all unaccompanied. True, it has been promised that after a certain period of time, they will also be able to invite their families to join them. But even then, it wouldn't be for everyone together. Here I am thinking of the disabled and also the elderly who have lost their able-bodied family and relatives. Things are already quite difficult for them in the camp. What will happen to them if we emigrate individually?
England's offers followed Belgium's offer to our strongest — to young men to work in the coal mines. Not taking into account whether such work is even suitable for us or not, we must again conclude, that those upon whom our emigration or not depends do not in any way contemplate mass emigration. Otherwise agreeable authorities have repeatedly pointed out that there can be no talk of some kind of mass exodus, because there is no country which would willingly welcome a few hundred thousand large insular tightly-knit minorities. Canada, which has now begun registering various specialists for immigration, openly says it does not want to repeat the mistake it once made in accepting some 200,000 Russian Mennonite emigrants who live in a closed community and have not yet integrated into Canadian life in the way Canadians would like.
I would not suggest that it is in our best interests to strive to assist the land that receives us to assimilate us. If we are to speak of emigration, then it ought not be because we have lost all hope of returning to a free Latvia, but because we see that an extended stay in Germany is not possible for us. This has also been established by the Chairman of the LCK, Prof. A. Švābe in his presentation in Hanau.
Canada's offer, despite the lack of concrete information about its reality, has stimulated new discussions and new excitement among compatriots who depend on us as part of the Latvian people. Invalids point out with bitterness that compatriots have begun to forget their commitments and are now only looking out for themselves for some opportunity to leave.
It is a serious question. On the one hand, there is our duty to those unable to work, and on the other, the unwillingness of the destination countries to take in unnecessary and unemployable individuals. Unfortunately, we do not have the power to force England, Canada, Brazil, Argentina any other country to let us all immigrate. Still, it seems that we have some other option.
Couldn't our leading organization submit proposals to countries of immigration with genuine offers of our desire to come and what we could contribute to the country of immigration? The Bavarian County Council has already come up with a similar proposal. Let us not ask for something no one will give us. But it seems that if there was a genuine offer, there could be no objection to it for the land that receives us, for example, were we to offered to arrive in small, capable working groups, maybe 1,000 in any such group. Canada intends to settle us in underpopulated areas.5 Under such conditions, it will be the life of colonial settlers. None of us, including qualified workers, engineers and construction technicians, will feel at home there, because building a house in Rīga is quite different than building it in some uninhabited area. It would be very difficult for a single individual or family; nor would the country of immigration reap the expected benefits.
If instead we were to have the opportunity to emigrate in groups already organized here, which would be drawn up proportionally based on including all essential professions, then we could also bring along dependents and the elderly. One would think that even the countries of immigration could not object to taking in such a working group, as there would be no threat of the emergence of some national minority. At the same time, language fluency issues would disappear, since at the outset one could get by with their native tongue.
Were such a proposal to organize working groups to be implemented, two issues would be solved simultaneously: the ability for everyone to leave together including the for whatever reason unemployable.
 — Kārlis Pagasts
Ultimate destinations
As the DP era came to a close, Latvians had resettled in:
- United States – ~40–50%. The U.S. was the largest recipient of Latvian DPs under the Displaced Persons Act (1948). An estimated 50,000–70,000 Latvians settled in the U.S., with large communities in New York, Chicago, and California.
- United Kingdom – ~10–15%. Many Latvians were recruited for labor under the European Volunteer Workers (EVW) scheme. Around 15,000–20,000 settled in the UK.
- Canada – ~15–20%. Accepted a significant number under relaxed immigration policies for Baltic refugees, an estimated 20,000–30,000 Latvians, with Toronto and Vancouver as key destinations.
- Australia – ~10–15%. Accepted around 12,000–20,000 Latvian DPs under assisted migration schemes (1947–1952), establishing major communities in Melbourne and Sydney.
- Sweden – ~5–10%. Took in 5,000–10,000 Latvians, especially those who fled directly by boat across the Baltic Sea.
- Germany & Austria (remaining DPs) – ~5%
- Other countries (Brazil, Argentina, France, etc.) – ~5%
Read on for a list of DP camps housing Latvians.
| 1 | Dzimtene translates as place of birth, both womb and land. |
| 2 | masked revelers in a parade |
| 3 | In Peters' own experience in Latvian school, even kindergartners memorized and recited poetry. |
| 4 | UNRRA dissolved in 1947 and was superseded by the IRO. |
| 5 | Peters' father was originally to be a Canadian lumberjack but was disqualified owing to a heart condition. |
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