Melle DP CampUNRRA Team 22 transitioned to Team 128 transitioned to IRO Area Office 908

British zone, 1939 camp population at upper left, Melle (not shown) is half-way between Osnabrück and Werter, just inside the district with Osnabrück.
Osnabrück was a WWII transportation hub. A towering cumulus cloud generated by the heat of flames forms above the burning city after a 1945 RAF bombing.1

About Melle

What do we know about Melle↗↗de? Notably, the city today is "sister" to Jēkabpils↗↗lv in Latvia. But there is (still, 2025) little readily accessible online about the barracks hamlets housing hundreds of Latvians. A 1946 list of camps documents Melle as a "Latvian camp, Ende Grönonbergerstr" — at the end of Grönonberger street. Adverts searching for family and relatives include "Melle, Gronengut, DP Latvian Camp" and "Lettischelager, Grönonberg Weg." Peters' parents documents list "Grönengot." A name is just a name. What would a visitor to Melle have found in 1946?2

A list of WWII labor camps3 indicates a Zivilarbeiterlager, civilian labor camp, at "Groenen­ber­ger­strasse 26, Melle".

„ Divi Melles baraku ciemi “

Ja ceļnieks atstāj Osnabrikas drupas un pāris stundas čakli soļo pa šoseju uz austrumiem, viņš pēkšņi starp mežainiem pakalniem ierauga nelielu, kaŗa posta neskārtu pilsētiņu. Tā ir Melle. Smailu ģēvelu drūzma vieš sarkanīgu spīdumu pret pelēcīgajām debesīm. Pāris baznicu torņi ar apsūbējušām zvanu mēlēm kopš gadu simtiem aicina dzīvos nokratīt nīcības pīšļus un gatavoties mūžīgai dzīvošanai — tikai viņu balsis ir aizsmakušas un cilvēku ausis radušas klausīties skarbākos trokšņos.

Kopš š. g. [1946.] jūnija, pilsētiņas ielās — maiznīcās un alus bodītēs dzirdama arī latviešu valoda. Tautiešu te nav daudz, ap 650 dvēseles. Tie ir novietoti divās atsevišķās baraku nometnēs — lielākā — „Daugava“, mazākā — „Gauja“.

Abas nometnes pēc veciem un labiem demokrātiskiem tikumiem ievēlēja savus komandantus. „Daugavas“ ciemā tautas uzticību iemantoja K. Strazdiņš, bet „Gaujā“ — Stūrītis. Līdztekus administrācijas izveidošanai tika noorganizēta arī pamatskola, ģimnāzija un bērnu dārzs. Zemās un krēslainās dēļu būdās par gara gaismas spīdēšanu gādā tautskolu inspektors S. Svenne. Kā lielāka vēriena pasākums savā laikā dibinājās mākslas keramikas darbnīca „Latkera“ inž. Līduma, Golovizņina un mākslinieka Vecrumbas vadībā. Bet lieta apsīka principialās domstarpībās . . . [Pašakums tomēr vēlāk izdevās. Raksts parādas šīs lapas apakšā.]

Vienīgi sarīkojumu kopa čakli rūpējas, lai mazākais reizi mēnesī mūsu trimdas mākslinieki iepriecētu ausis ar latviskām melodijām un ļaudis atcerētos to zemi, kur pametuši savu darbu, sapņus un pastalas. Arī mellieši paši varētu jauki padziedāt, bet viņiem nav diriģenta! Pēdējā laikā gan runā, ka tāds vīrs atbraukšot no dāņu zemes.

Va—Pe— [Valentīns Pelēcis]

“ Two Melle Barracks Hamlets ”

Latvian folk dancers wearing pastalas shoes. 4

If a traveler departs the ruins of Osnabrück↗ and hikes briskly along the highway eastward for a few hours, he suddenly beholds amongst the wooded hillocks a town untouched by the devastation of war. That is Melle. A jumble of pointed gables casts a reddish glow against a grayish sky. A couple of church towers with their tarnished bell clappers have for centuries summoned the living to shake off the dust of decay and prepare for life eternal — only their voices have quieted, and human ears have acclimated to harsher sounds.

Since June of this year [1946], Latvian can also be heard in the streets of the town — in bakeries and Bierkeller. Countrymen are not plentiful here, only about 650 souls. They are housed in two separate barrack camps — the larger one — “Daugava,” the smaller — “Gauja.”

Adhering to time-honored and sound democratic traditions, both camps elected their own commandants. The people of the “Daugava” hamlet placed their trust in K. Strazdiņš, while those of “Gauja” — Stūrītis. Along with establishing an administration, a primary school, gymnasium, and kindergarten were organized. In low and gloomy huts, the task of ensuring the light of intellect shines falls to public school inspector S. Svenne. One of the more ambitious undertakings at the time was the founding of the art ceramics workshop “Latkera” under the direction of engineer Līdums, Golovizņins, and the artist Vecrumba. But the project faltered due to honest differences of opinion . . . [The workshop project was ultimately realized. Report appears later in this page.]

Only the cultural events group has diligently seen to it that at least once monthly our artists in exile delight ears with Latvian melodies, helping people remember the land where they left behind their work, dreams, and pastalas5. The people of Melle themselves could sing beautifully too, but they lack a conductor! Though lately it has been rumored such a person will arrive from the land of the Danes.

Va—Pe— [Valentīns Pelēcis]

Melle in today's Germany

A microcosm

As we searched for “Melle” through Latvian newspapers archived online↗, there were enough glimpses of Melle to see it was no less representative of the experience of life in the DP camps than larger, well-documented, camps.

Demographics

One of the first accounts we found of Melle provides more information on the location of the camp and insights into the state of affairs a month after Peters' parents' arrived.6

„ Latvieši no Berlīnes “

Kops 4. junija Mellé kura atrodas 24 km no Osnabrikas, plivo sarkanbaltsarkanais karogs. Melle ir kara posta neskarta un váciesi lepojas ar to, ka pilsétá neesot bezdarba. Bez galvenás 450 latviesiem domátás nometnes, Mellé ir vél 3 mazas nometnes — viena 120 latviesiem un divas 350 igauņiem. Centrálá „Grönengut“ nometne ar 18 barakám atrodas pilsétas gleznainá nodalé, vilnojosu labibas lauku vidu, tuvu pie sporta laukuma un peldétavas. Nometné sabraukusi 212 Gross- Hesepes latviesi un 44 no Berlines Celendorfas nometnes. Tuváká laiká no Berlines sagaida vél vienu béglu transportu. Ari Bad-Hüsedes un apkártnes latviešiem un igauņiem jápárceļas uz Melli. Tápat vietéjiem baltiesiem no privátdzīvokļiem ar UNRRA's rikojuma jápáriet uz barakám.

Centrálo nometni vada D. Presovs un tá paligs pulkv. K. Strazdiņš. Par Melles UNRRA's árstu iecelts Dr. H. Mengelis, kurs párnémis dalu no vietéjás vácu slimnicas.

Péc nometnes iekártozanas darbiem tautiesi sák organizét nometnes garigo aprupi. Paredzéta pamat- un vidusskola. Nometnes ricibá ir labas skolas telpas un izrikojumu zále ar skatuvi. Jau nodibináts koris un drizumá sáks darboties ari nometnes orkestris, UNRRA's Team 22 direktors nometnes vadibai nospraudis vadlinijas, péc kurám komandantam jáizstrádá instrukcijas nometnes iekséjai kártibai.

M. Z.

“ Latvians from Berlin ”

Since June 4, the red-white-red flag has flown in Melle, which lies 24 km from Osnabrück. Melle is untouched by the ravages of war, and the Germans are proud that there is no unemployment in the town. In addition to the main camp intended for 450 Latvians, Melle has 3 smaller camps — one for 120 Latvians and two for 350 Estonians. The central “Grönengut” camp, with 18 barracks, is located in a picturesque part of the town, among waving fields of grain , near the sports field and swimming area. 212 Latvians from Gross-Hesepe and 44 from the Berlin-Zelendorf camp have arrived at the camp. Another transport of refugees is expected shortly from Berlin. Latvians and Estonians from Bad-Hüsede and the surrounding area also have to relocate to Melle. Likewise, local Latvians in private apartments must move to the barracks by order of UNRRA.

The central camp is run by D. Presovs and his assistant Col. K. Strazdiņš. Dr. H. Mengelis has been appointed as Melle’s UNRRA doctor; he has taken over part of the local German hospital.

After completing the work to set up the camp, compatriots began organizing the camp’s spiritual care. A primary and secondary school are planned. The camp has good spaces for schooling and an assembly hall with a stage. A choir has already been established, and a camp orchestra will soon get underway. The director of UNRRA’s Team 22 has outlined guidelines for camp leadership, based on which the commandant must prepare internal camp regulations.

M. Z.

Exact figures on Melle DP camp population, Apskats, Camp "Saule" newspaper, Nr.62, August 9, 1946

Latviešu Vēstnesis (Latvian News Bulletin), Nr.52 July 6, 1946 reported a new Latvian camp was established in the beginning of June, with Latvians being transferred from Groß Hesepe and Badhīsedes [we've been unable to translate] camps. Melle was projected to hold 500 individuals in wooden barracks. Tēvzeme (Fatherland) Nr.53 July 20, 1946 reported the largest Melle camp, "Cronemgut" [Grönengut], had been renamed "Daugava" while the camp in Krusenbaraken, Weststr. with 110 DPs is anticipated to be named "Gauja." The Apskats issue of September 9, 1946 provides exact numbers on Melle: 424 in Daugava and 104 in Gauja; 3 in the Estonian camps; and 729 Baltic individuals total in the Melle camps. Also noted was that the current UNRRA team would cease operation and responsibilities would be assumed by Team 128 based out of Osnabrück. Still, not much on what was actually happening at the camp.

World's YMCA/YWCA

Read more about the YMCA/YWCA organizing activities in the DP camps at World's YMCA/YWCA

The World's YMCA/YWCA was pivotal in supporting camp life organizing camp activities to foster a sense of normality, from nursery care for toddlers to sports for the youth and young adults. Tēvzeme Nr. 68 (September 11, 1946) mentions the fortunes of the Melle volleyball squad.

„ SPORTS. Oficiāli. “

Mellē „Daugavas“ nometnes latv. YMCA's volejbolisti nometnes turnīrā pārspēja igauņu vienibu un ieguva 1. v. Uzvarētas arī Osnabrikas latv. un igauņu vienības, kā ari Grēvenes latv. komanda. 11. aug. Melles volejbolisti Lingenā sacentās ar spēcīgo poļu garnizona Lingenas komandu, kuŗai zaudēja ar 17:19, 14:16, bet otrā spēlē pret garnizona meistaru Mepeni, kas guvusi labus panākumus ārzemju turnejā un kas garnizona turnīrā nav zaudējusi nevienu spēli, Melles latv. guva 15:17, 15:5 un 15:9 uzvaru. Melles kom. pamatsastāvs: Vilks, Jermolajevs, Lācis, Razma. Krūmiņš un Apsīte.

H. Kokins.

“ SPORTS. Official results. ”

In Melle, the Latvian YMCA volleyball squad of the “Daugava” camp defeated an Estonian team in the camp tournament and took 1st place. They also beat Latvian and Estonian teams from Osnabrück, as well as the Latvian team from Gräfen. On August 11, the Melle volleyball squad competed in Lingen against the strong Polish garrison team from Lingen, to whom they lost 17:19, 14:16, but in the second match against the garrison champion from Meppen — which had achieved good results on foreign tours and had not lost a single game in the garrison tournament — Melle’s Latvians achieved victory 15:17, 15:5, and 15:9. Melle’s main lineup: Vilks, Jermolajevs, Lācis, Razma, Krūmiņš, and Apsīte.

H. Kokins.

The September 14, 1946 sports section in Latviešu Vēstnesis Nr.72 recounts the volleyball squad's victory, moves on to the Melle chess tournament, won by Ringolds Bērziņs from the "Gauja" camp, and then table tennis.

Cover of Dzirkstele, publication of the Baltic chapter of the Christian Student Union, 1949, by Peters' father, Jānis Vecrumba

Spiritual life

Pastor Hugo Becker, affiliated with the U.S.-based Congregational Christian Churches↗, was sent to Germany after WWII to support POWs and displaced persons, working under the Committee for War Victims and Reconstruction, the Y.M.C.A., and the Prisoners of War Committee of America. His appointment lasted about six months, and it took place in the British and American occupation zones. He served in Portland, Oregon, at the Volga German Ebenezer Congregational Church↗ from 1935 to 1948.7

Nedēļas Apskats Nr. 29 April 11, 1947 notes the visit from the United States of Dr. H. Becker, representing Congregational Christian Churches, participating in a joint Baltic service with Latvian pastor J. Meistars, Estonian pastor A. Kēdars. Beckers invited the DPs to believe in the triumph of right and rely on the wisdom of God.

There is some more detail on Becker's visit in Tēvzeme Nr. 35 April 30, 1947.

„ ASV mācītājs kā viesis britu zonas nometnēs “

Kopš kāda laika Vācijas angļu zonā no ASV ieradās Vispasaules baznicu savienības pārstāvis mācītājs Dr. H. Becker's, nolūkā iepazīties ar garīgo resp. reliģisko dzīvi DP nometnēs un arī vācu tautā.

Pirms ierašanās Osnabrikas novadā viesis apmeklējis Lībeku un dažas cita vietas, bet pirmā apmeklējuma vieta šai novadā bija Melle.

Viesis vēroja latviešu atsaucību un līdzdalību garīgās dzīves veidošanā, un pēc gūtajiem iespaidiem baltiešu nometnēs, novērtēja tās augstāk par citu tautu nometnēm.

Māc. Dr. H. Becker's izteicās, ka viņš apmeklēs arī Vācijas amerikāņu zonas nometnes, pēc kam dosies atpakaļ uz ASV.

L. Bl.

“ U.S. pastor visits camps in the British zone ”

Some time ago, a representative of the World Council of Churches, Pastor Dr. H. Becker, arrived from the U.S. in the British zone of Germany with the purpose of acquainting himself with the spiritual — that is, religious — life in DP camps and among the German people as well.

Before arriving in the Osnabrück district, the guest visited Lübeck and several other places, but his first visit in this district was to Melle.

The guest observed the responsiveness and involvement of Latvians in the shaping of spiritual life, and based on the impressions gained in the Baltic camps, he appraised them more highly than the camps of other nations.

Pastor Dr. H. Becker stated that he will also visit camps in the American zone of Germany, after which he will return to the U.S.

L. Bl.

Schooling

Latvian children industriously tending to their studies at their tidy desks is the typical image that comes to mind. However, two years into DP life there continued to be challenges. Melle is mentioned as one of only two camps in Lower Saxony to have erected dedicated space for schooling, while elsewhere a class was being taught in a German school stairwell. From Jaunaudze, "Weekly Newspaper for Scools [sic.] and Scouts" Nr. 40, June 14, 1947.

„ Ar darba gribu pāri grūtībām “

Latviešu trimdas skolu stāvoklis ir visai smags, jo trūst mācības līdzekļu, nav pat piemērotu telpu mācībām un ik uz soļa jāsastopas ar dažādām citām grūtībām, tomēr, neskatoties us visiem traucējumiem, darbs joprom rit straujā tempā uz priekšu. Ka mums ziņo, Lejassaksijas apgabalā pag. mācības gadā darbojušās 18 tautskolas, 12 ģimnāzijas, 1 technikums ar arodskolu, 1 piensaimniecības skola, 25 bērnu dārzi un 1 bērnu nams. Pēc ārstu atzinuma bērnu veselības stāvoklis nav iepriecinošs. Merbekā 60% pamatskolnieku bijuši zem normālā svara, bet Oldenburgā tas uzrāda vēl lielāku %. Vairojies tbc u. c. slimību skaits. Tautskolas audzēkņu skaits caur mērā 45. 80% skolnieki pārcelti uz nākošo klasi, bet 9% atstāti uz otru gadu klasē.

12 ģimnāzijās kopējais audzēkņu skaits sasniedzis 467.

7 ģimnāzijās bijušas arī izlaiduma klases. Skolnieki uzrādījuši apmierinošas sekmes. Sevišķi smags bijis telpu jautājums. Honlēnā klase iekārtota vācu skolas trepju telpā. Vienīgi Altgargē un Mellē skolām uzcel tas īpašas barakas. Oldenburgas technikumā un arodskolā mācas 38 skolnieki, bet Zārštetes piensaimniecības skolā ir ap 30 skolnieki. Latviešu skolas Lejassaksijā turpina darbu pastiprinātā tempā, lai vismaz līdz izbraukšanai uz Angliju mācības varētu nobeigt izlaiduma klasēs.

“ Overcoming difficulties with the will to work ”

The situation of Latvian refugee schools remains challenging, as there is a lack of teaching materials, not even suitable rooms for instruction, and at every step one encounters various other obstacles. Nevertheless, despite all disruptions, the work continues at a brisk pace. As we are informed, in the Lower Saxony region during the past school year, operating were 18 primary schools, 12 gymnasiums, 1 technical school with a vocational division, 1 dairy school, 25 kindergartens, and 1 children’s home. According to doctors, the state of our children’s health is not encouraging. In Merbeck, 60% of primary school students were underweight, while in Oldenburg that percentage is even higher. Incidences of tuberculosis and other diseases have increased. The average number of pupils per primary school was 45. 80% of students were promoted to the next class, while 9% were held back for a second year in the same class.

In the 12 gymnasiums8, the total number of students reached 467.

7 gymnasiums also had graduating classes. The students showed satisfactory results. The space issue was especially severe. In Honloh, a class was set up in the stairwell of a German school. Only in Altgarge and Melle were dedicated barracks built for the schools. At the Oldenburg technical school and vocational school, 38 students are studying, while at the Zarstedt dairy school there are about 30 students. Latvian schools in Lower Saxony continue their work at an accelerated pace so that at least by the time of departure for England, instruction in graduating classes can be completed.

Culture

Kārlis Skalbe was a reknowned story-teller, poet, as well as Latvia's minister of education. Skalbe passed away in Sweden in 1945. We feature one of his poems in our library at Kopoti raksti, Collected Works—poetry of Kārlis Skalbe (1947). Following, the account of "K. Skalbe's Night" at Melle.9

„ K. SKALBES VAKARS MELLĒ “

Melles nometnes ģimnāzijas 4. klase 8. novembrī rīkoja K. Skalbes atceres vakaru. Rudenīgi gleznotā zālē bija pulcējušies kuplā skaitā skolēni, to vecāki, nometnes iedzīvotāji un ciemiņi no Osnabrikas. Atceres vakaru ievadīja audzinātājas M. Baltgailes uzruna. Par saules un sirds dzejnieka K. Skalbes dzīvi referēja audzēknis Alb. Spoģis. Pārskatu par rakstnieka darbiem sniedza Sk. Dravniece. Audzēkņi deklamēja K. Skalbes dzejoļus un lasīja pasakas.

Osnabrikas ģimnāzijas dir. Bērziņš atzinīgi izteicās par uzņēmīgās klases darbu.

Melles skautu un gaidu vienības 10. novembrī rīkoja latvisku Mārtiņa vakaru ar jauktu programmu, ko izpildīja skautu un mazskautu saimes.

“ K. SKALBE EVENING IN MELLE ”

The 4th class of the Melle camp gymnasium organized a K. Skalbe memorial evening on November 8. A large number of pupils, their parents, camp residents, and guests from Osnabrück had gathered in the autumnal-bedecked hall. The evening began with an address by teacher M. Baltgaile. Student Alb. Spoģis gave a report on the life of K. Skalbe, the poet of sun and heart. Sk. Dravniece provided an overview of the writer’s works. Students recited K. Skalbe’s poems and read fairy tales.

Director Bērziņš of the Osnabrück gymnasium spoke appreciatively of the enterprising class’s effort.

On November 10, the Melle scout and guide units organized a Latvian-style Mārtiņi evening with a mixed program performed by scout and cub scout groups.

Sustenance and health

Peters didn't learn anything about DP camp food from his mother other than when food ran short in one camp, they were told to eat grass. But that is not to imply disregard for food quality and safety. We read about a contest UNRRA organized to highlight the need and reward the best of the camps in the Osnabrück area, including Melle. "DP nometnēs" ("In the DP camps" column) Tēvzeme Nr. 49, July 5, 1947:

„ Kāda īpata sacensība “

Osnabrikā un tās apkārtne 9 nometnēs dzīvo ap 7000 bēg|u, no kuriem ½ baltiešu, bet pārejie poļi un dienvidslāvi. Gandrīz visi šo nometņu iedzīvotāji uzturu saņem no kopkatla. Lai paceltu virtuvīu saimneicību uz augstāka līmeņa UNRRA's 128. vienība sarīkoja nometņu virtuvju un produktu noliktavu sacensību ar balvām.

Sacensības pārbaudes komisijā ietilpa pa 1 pārstāvim no katras nometnes un tās uzdevumos bija raudzīties un pēc punktiem vērtēt: virtuvēs — vispārējo tīrību, piederumu, trauku un personāla tīrību, ēdienu kvalitāti un to sadalīšanas kārtību, bet noliktavās — prodūktu novietošanu, tīrību, nodrošināšanos pret grauzējiem un mitrumu, nodrošinājumu un apsardzību pret ielaušanos, kā ari prodūktu izdošanas organizāciju.

Sacensībai beidzoties, uzvarētājos izvirzījis pieaugušo virtuvēm — 1. v. Orbekas nom., 2. v. Osnabrikas A nom. un 3. v. Osnabrikas (Fernblikas) poļu nom.; bērnu virtuvēm — 1. v. Osn. (Fernbl.) poļu nom., 2. v. Osnabr. B nom. un 3. v. Melles „Daugavas“ nom.; pārtikas noliktavām — 1 v. Osnabrikas A nom., 2. v. Orbekas nom. (311) un 3. v Osnabr. (Fernbl.) poļu nom.

Uzvarētāju nom. virtuvju un prod. nolikt. personāls saņēma balvas, starp kurām atradās 1 v. ieguvēju virtuvju vadītājiem speciāli 1 vatēta gultas sega un 1 pāris ķurpju, bet pārējās lietas, kā cigaretes, šokolāde, ziepes, biskvīti, žilētasmeņi u. t. t. par ⅓ vai ½ vairāk kā personālam. Osnibrikas un Orbekas nom. sacensības dalībnieku sejas pauda divkāršu prieku: par saņemtām balvām un par šai īpatā sacensībā parādīto latviešu māku un darba prieku.

L. Bl.

“ A Rather Unusual Competition ”

In Osnabrück and its surrounding area, around 7,000 refugees live in 9 camps — about half are Balts, with the rest being Poles and south Slavs.10 Nearly all of these camp residents receive their food from a communal kitchen. To raise the standard of kitchen operations, UNRRA's Unit 128 organized a competition among the camp kitchens and food storage facilities, complete with prizes.

Each camp appointed one representative to serve on the competition's inspection committee. Their task was to observe and award points in the following areas: for kitchens — general cleanliness, cleanliness of equipment, dishes, and staff, the quality of food, and the orderliness of food distribution; for storage facilities — the organization and cleanliness of goods, protection against rodents and dampness, overall security, and the system for distributing supplies.

When the competition concluded, the winners were named as follows: For adult kitchens — 1st place: Orbeck Camp, 2nd place: Osnabrück Camp A, and 3rd place: Osnabrück (Fernblick) Polish Camp. For children's kitchens — 1st place: Osnabrück (Fernblick) Polish Camp, 2nd place: Osnabrück Camp B, and 3rd place: Melle “Daugava” Camp. For food storage facilities — 1st place: Osnabrück Camp A, 2nd place: Orbeck Camp (311), and 3rd place: Osnabrück (Fernblick) Polish Camp.

The staff of the winning kitchens and storage facilities received prizes. Among them, the heads of the 1st-place kitchens were awarded a special quilted blanket and a pair of shoes. Other items — such as cigarettes, chocolate, soap, biscuits, and [shaving] razor blades — were distributed to staff in quantities one-third or one-half greater than usual. The faces of participants from the Osnabrück and Orbeck camps reflected a double joy: for the prizes received and for the chance to display their initiative and pride in their work through this unique competition.

L. Bl.

In our Schooling section above, we had noted issues with underweight children and spreading disease (June, 1946). This dire account from Latvija, Nr. 89 November 25, 1947, a year-and-a-half later points to worsening malnutrition of Latvian children. Melle is included — a mere four months after the food nutrition and safety contest. Under the headline „Lūdz palīdzību bērniem“, “A plea for children's aid”.11 LCK is the Latvian Central Committee.

„ LCK IESNIEGUMS PAR UZTURA UZLABOŠANU BĒRNIEM “

LCK uzdevumā LCP loceklis J. Venners, kopā ar A. Steinhardu un T. Tēraudu, izstrādājis iesniegumu, kuŗā, norādot uz latviešu bērnu kļūmīgo veselības stāvokli, tā novēršanai lūgts uzlabot bērnu un jauniešu uzturu. Iesniegums šajās dienās nosūtīts ASV armijas un IRO augstākajām iestādēm, mūsu sūtņiem, baznīcas un palīdzības organizācijām, amatpersonām un ārzemju presei.

Iesnieguma ievadā aizrādīts uz Ženēvas konvenciju, kuŗā bija ietverta bērnu aizsardzības deklarācija par palīdzības sniegšanu bērniem kaŗa un posta laikā bez rases, reliģijas un tautības izšķirības. Šīs saistības savā neatkarības laikā godam pildīja arī Baltijas valstis, izdodamas prāvas summas trūkumā nonākušo bērnu pabaltīšanai Balkānu valstīs, Ķīnā uc.

Tagad, kad daļa baltiešu atrodas ārpus savas zemes, kopā ar viņiem bēgļu sūrajā liktenī dalās arī viņu bērni. Līdzšinējās darbā izvietošanas akcijās ārpus Vācijas meklē tikai vieniniekus un bezbērnu ģimenes, tā ka ģimenēm ar bērniem pašreiz vājas izredzes izkļūt no tagadējā nenormālā stāvokļa — šaurajām, nehigiēntskaiām telpām un trūcīgā uztura. Pēdējo mūsu aprūpētāji līdzekļu trūkuma dēļ vēl samazina, tā sevišķi smagi skarot bērnus, kuŗu veselība jau tagad ir kritiskā stadijā.

Skolnieku veselības stāvokli iesniegumā raksturo latviešu tautskolu direktoru ziņojumi, kas dibināti uz skolu ārstu izdarīto veselības pārbaužu rezultātiem. Sājos ziņojumos minētie skaitļi liecina par stāvokļa ārkārtīgu nopietnību. Hesenes apgabalā zem normālā svara lr 60—80 proc. skolnieku, ar plaušu dziedzeŗu iekaisumu slimo 30 proc. Vlrtembergas-Bādenes apgabalā oktobrī tautskolās skolnieku svara iztrūkums (līdz 10 proc. no normālā svara) bija 46 proc., bet pāri 10 proc. — 21 proc. Nepietiekamā uztura ietekmi labi raksturo Bavārijas apgabala latviešu tautskolu audzēkņu veselības stāvokļa salīdzinājums 1. aprīlī (pārbaudīti 2868 skolnieki) un 1. oktobri (2932). 1. aprīlī miesas būve bija laba — 33 proc., 1. okt. — 23 proc; vidēja 44 — 41 proc.; vāja 23 — 31 proc. Mazasinība 1. apr. 20 proc., 1. okt. 33,2 proc.; plaušu dziederu iekaisums 13—14,5 proc.; tuberkulozes sanatorijās ievietoti 1,7—2,2 proc. Vasarā, kad bērni vairāk uzturējušies svaigā gaisā, viņu veselība tomēr pasliktinājusies.

Arī LSK medicīniskās aprūpes daļa ievākuši ziņas no ārstiem speciālistiem par bērnu veselības stāvokli nometnēs. Rēgensburgā no 357 bērniem zem svara bijuši 233, mazasinīgi 113, ar rachitu slimojuši 29, ar bronchu tbc 96, kakla dziedzeru tbc 47. Ingolštatē no 140 bērniem zem svara 66 bērni, dziedzeŗu tuberkuloze 81, chronisks bronchits 50, rachits 13. Manheimā no 173 bērniem zem svara 86, ar dziedzeru tbc 22, aktīvo tbc 9. Vēl ļaunāka ir aina Kaseles-Bertenhauzenes nometnē pēc pārskata 23. oktobrī: 1—5 g. v. bērni zem svara 60 proc., 6—10 g. v. — 75,7 proc., 11-17 g. v. — 73,7 proc. Plaušu dziedzeŗu slimības konstatētas 1—5 g. v. — 28,5 proc, 6—10 g. v. — 76,2 proc., 11—17 g. v. — 25 proc.

Minētie skaitļi liecina par bērnu veselību amerikāņu joalā, kur uztura apstākļi vēl tomēr labvēlīgāki kā citās joslās. Angļu joslā, piemēram, Giftenes tautskolā, normāla veselība ir tikai 4,5 (!) proc. no visiem skolniekiem, svara iztrūkums vismaz 20 proc. apmērā lr 84,8 proc. Oldenburgas Tērvetes tautskolā no 98 skolniekiem tikai 14 proc. ir normāls svars, Melles ģimnāzijā stāvoklis tikai par 4 proc. labāks. Mērbekas tautskolā š. g. martā zem normālā svara bijuši 56,3 proc. skolnieku, bet 6. sept. — 82 proc., kuriem ļoti novājināta organisma dēļ nepieciešama uztura papilddeva. Austrijā no 350 bērniem 0—18 g. vecumā plaušu dziedzeŗu kaltes 30 proc.

Pēc ārstu vienprātīga atzinuma kļūmīgā veselības stāvokļa galvenie iemesli ir nepietiekama, nepiemērots un vienpusīgs uzturs.

Lai novērstu veselības pasliktinšanos vēl vairāk, uzturs būtu jāuzlabo ar spēcinātajiem, koncentrētiem un vitamīnu bagātiem pārtikas līdzekļiem — taukvielām, cukuru, kondensētu pienu, olu pulveri, augļiem un saknēm. Bez tam skolniekiem nepieciešami izsniegt arī pilnpienu. Slimnieku devas nebūtu ierobežojamas ar 2 proc. no iedzīvotāju kopskaita nometnēs, bet izsniedzamas pēc ārstu atzinuma faktiskajam slimnieku skaitam.

Arv. B.

“LCK PETITION TO IMPROVE CHILDREN’S NUTRITION”

On behalf of the LCK, LCP member J. Venners, together with A. Steinhard and T. Tērauds, has drafted a petition highlighting the poor health of Latvian children and requesting improved nutrition for children and youth. In recent days, the petition has been sent to the highest authorities of the U.S. Army and IRO, our envoys, church and aid organizations, officials, and the foreign press.

The petition opens with a reference to the Geneva Convention, which includes a declaration on the protection of children, ensuring assistance to children in times of war and hardship without discrimination based on race, religion, or nationality. During their independence, the Baltic states also honored these commitments by allocating significant funds to support destitute children in the Balkans, China, and other regions.

Now, as part of the Baltic population lives outside their homeland, their children share the harsh fate of refugees. Current resettlement efforts outside Germany focus only on single individuals and childless families, leaving families with children with little chance of escaping the present abnormal conditions — cramped, unhygienic quarters and inadequate nutrition. Owing to lack of resources, our caregivers are further reducing food provisions, which severely affects children, whose health is already in a critical state.

The health condition of schoolchildren is described in the petition through reports from Latvian elementary school principals, based on medical examinations conducted by school doctors. The figures cited in these reports point to a deeply alarming situation. In the Hesse district, 60–80 percent of students are underweight, and 30 percent suffer from inflammation of the bronchial glands. In Württemberg-Baden, in October, 46 percent of students in elementary schools were up to 10 percent underweight, and 21 percent were more than 10 percent underweight. The effects of inadequate nutrition are clearly shown by comparing the health of Latvian elementary students in the Bavaria district on April 1 (2,868 students examined) and October 1 (2,932). On April 1, 33 percent had good physical development, on October 1 — 23 percent; average: 44 — 41 percent; poor: 23 — 31 percent. Anemia was present in 20 percent in April, and 33.2 percent in October; inflammation of bronchial glands 13—14.5 percent; placed in tuberculosis sanatoriums: 1.7—2.2 percent. Even during summer, when children spent more time in fresh air, their health still deteriorated.

The LSK medical care division also gathered information from medical specialists on children's health in the camps. In Regensburg, out of 357 children, 233 were underweight, 113 anemic, 29 had rickets, 96 had bronchial tuberculosis, and 47 had glandular tuberculosis. In Ingolstadt, out of 140 children, 66 were underweight, 81 had glandular tuberculosis, 50 had chronic bronchitis, and 13 had rickets. In Mannheim, out of 173 children, 86 were underweight, 22 had glandular tuberculosis, and 9 had active tuberculosis. The situation was even worse in the Kassel-Bertenhausen camp, according to a report from October 23: among children aged 1–5, 60 percent were underweight; aged 6–10 — 75.7 percent; aged 11–17 — 73.7 percent. Bronchial illnesses were found in 28.5 percent of 1–5-year-olds, 76.2 percent of 6–10-year-olds, and 25 percent of 11–17-year-olds.

These figures reflect the health of children in the American zone, where nutritional conditions are still more favorable than in other zones. In the British zone, for example, at the Gifhorn elementary school, only 4.5 (!) percent of students were in normal health, and 84.8 percent had at least a 20 percent weight deficit. At the Tērvete elementary school in Oldenburg, only 14 percent of 98 students had normal weight. At Melle Gymnasium, the situation was only 4 percent better. At the Mierbeke elementary school in March of this year, 56.3 percent of students were underweight, but by September 6 — 82 percent, whose severely weakened physical condition required additional food rations. In Austria, among 350 children aged 0–18, 30 percent had tuberculosis of the lungs.

According to doctors' unanimous opinion, the primary causes of the poor health conditions are inadequate, unsuitable, and unbalanced nutrition.

To prevent further deterioration in health, nutrition must be improved with fortified, concentrated, and vitamin-rich foods — fats, sugar, condensed milk, powdered eggs, fruits, and vegetables. In addition, students must be provided with whole milk. Rations for the sick should not be limited to 2 percent of the total camp population but should be allocated according to actual amounts based on doctors’ assessments.

Arv. B.

Another account from November, 1947, Tēvzeme (Fatherland) Nr. 90, November 26, 1947, notes: „Melles ģimnāzijā 82 proc. skolēnu ir zem normālā svara. Pieņemas saslimšanas ar bronchiālo dziedzeru tuberkulozi un ādas strutojumiem.At Melle Gymnasium [high school], 82% of the students are underweight. Cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and skin abscesses are rising.

Arts and crafts — and ingenuity

We've already mentioned having to repurpose old tin cans into kitchen utensils. But one resourceful Melle camp resident took matters much further. From Tēvzeme (Fatherland), Nr. 55, July 26, 1947.

„ Vērtīgs pasākums “

Melles latviešu nometnē „Daugava“ vērtīgu pasākumu nodibinājis Kaufelds, kas izveidojis savu elektrodarbnīcu, kurā no veca alumīnija un citām veclietām ražo elektriskos gludekļus un lustras. Kādu neatlaidību un darbu prasa šāds pasākums, to sapratīs vienīgi tas, kas iegriezīsies mazajā darbnīcā vienā no nometnes barakām un pats savām acīm skatīs tās iekārtojumu un veco lūžņu kaudzi, no kuras top lietderīgie un augstvērtīgie nepieciešamības priekšmeti. Bet arī šos vecmateriālus pašreizējā pēckara postā nav viegli sadabūt, nemaz jau nerunājot par darba rīkiem — vīlēm, zāģiem, kaltiem, vārpstām, āmuriem, knaiblēm u. t. t., kas garā rindā virknējas uz galda. Agrāk Kaufelds strādāja viens savā trimdas istabā, beidzot viņš izveidoja savu darbnīcu, kuŗā nu ražo pēc paša izgatavota modeļa elektriskos gludekļus un lustras. Par labo darba kvalitāti liecību nodod uz galda sarindotie gatavie un puspabeigtie gludekļi, glītas galda lampas un pie griestiem pakārtas daždažādas lustras. Viss ir pirmklasīgs latviešu amatnieka darbs.

Pats meistars pastāsta: „Lustras jau Rīgā bija mana sirdslieta. Brīvajās stundās mājās allaž strādāju pie tām un veicu daudzus pasūtījumus. Trimdā atjaunoju iemīļoto nodarbošanos. Visu veicu paša spēkiem, pat koka virpojumus, lai gan to dēļ jāiet uz igauņu nometni, jo pašam nav virpas. Lustru veidi dažādi. Nestrādāju pēc noteikta zīmējuma, bet pēc brīvas izdomas, ievērojot pasūtinātāju vēlēšanās. Novērojot dzīvi trimdā, nācu pie slēdziena ka ļoti noderīgi būtu elektriskie gludekļi. Pārdomāju iespējas un ķēros pie darba. Konstruēju koka modeli, tad izveidoju ģipsī formas atliešanai aluminijā. Atsevišķa gludek]a izgatavošana prasa daudz laika, tādēļ laižu tos klajā sērijās pa 50.“

Pieprasījumu Kaufeldam ir daudz un viņš nespēj visus apmierināt. Tomēr tieši Vasarsvētkos viņš apliecināja savu latvisko sirsnību, kad atsacīdamies no iespējamās pelņas, nometnes 11 iesvētījamām jaunavām uzdāvāja katrai pa gludeklim. Tas bija žests, kas iepriecināja nevien pieaugušo kārtā stājušās meitenes, bet arī visus nometnes iedzīvotājus un viesus.

Runājot par nākotnes nodomiem, K. izsakās: „Man šis un tas vēl padomā, kā vārītāji.“ Tiešām, enerģijas un labas gribas latvju amatniekiem netrūkst. Tādēļ arī nav ko brīnīties, ja no veciem nevienam nederīgiem metalliem un lūžņiem viņš izgatavo launus un jaukus ikdienas nepieciešamības priekšmetus, kas piedevām var lepoties arī ar labu kvalitāti. Pasūtinājumus Kaufelds saņem nevien no latviešiem, bet arī angļiem un vāciešiem. Tomēr meistars nolēmis pirmām kārtām apmierināt tautiešu vajadzības. Kaufelds mēģinās apgādāt arī latviešu kooperātīvus.

Alfrēds Vinčels.

“ A valuable enterprise ”

In the Latvian camp “Daugava” in Melle, a valuable initiative has been launched by Kaufelds, who has established his own electrical workshop. There, using old aluminum and other scrap materials, he manufactures electric irons and chandeliers. Only someone who steps into the small workshop in one of the camp's barracks and sees with their own eyes its setup and the pile of old metal scraps — from which useful and high-quality necessities are made — can truly grasp the persistence and effort such an undertaking requires. But even these scrap materials are not easy to come by in the current postwar hardship, not to mention the tools of the trade — files, saws, chisels, spindles, hammers, pliers, etc., all neatly lined up on the workbench. Previously, Kaufelds worked alone in his exile room, but eventually he set up his own workshop, where he now produces electric irons and chandeliers based on models of his own design. The quality of his work is evidenced by the neatly arranged finished and half-finished irons on the table, attractive table lamps, and the many types of chandeliers hanging from the ceiling. Everything is first-class work by a Latvian craftsman.

The craftsman himself explains: “Chandeliers were already my passion back in Riga. In my free time, I always worked on them at home and fulfilled many custom orders. In exile, I revived my beloved craft. I do everything myself, even the wooden turnings — although for those I have to go to the Estonian camp, since I don't have a lathe. The types of chandeliers vary. I don't work from fixed designs, but rather let my imagination roam, always taking the customer's wishes into account. Observing life in exile, I came to the conclusion that electric irons would be very useful. I considered the possibilities and got to work. I constructed a wooden model, then made plaster molds for aluminum casting. Producing a single iron takes a lot of time, so I manufacture them in series of 50 at a time.”

Kaufelds receives many requests and cannot fulfill them all. Yet at Pentecost, he demonstrated his heartfelt Latvian generosity by giving up potential profit to gift an iron to each of the 11 young women being confirmed in the camp. It was a gesture that brought joy not only to the girls entering adulthood but also to all the camp’s residents and guests.

Speaking of future plans, Kaufelds remarks: “I'm still considering this and that — like water boilers.” Indeed, Latvian craftsmen do not lack energy or goodwill. So it's no surprise that from metals and scraps deemed useless by others, he creates fine and practical everyday items that can also boast of high quality. Kaufelds receives orders not only from Latvians, but also from the British and Germans. However, the master has decided to prioritize meeting the needs of his fellow countrymen. He also plans to supply Latvian cooperatives.

Alfrēds Vinčels.

Peters' father in “Latkera”, the Melles latviešu keramikas kooperativs darbnīca, Melle Latvian Ceramics Cooperative workshop, Melle, Germany, 1947.
If you have DP era pottery inscribed with this "LA" monogram, it's a product of the Melle ceramic cooperative.
Piggy bank from the Latkera workshop — approx. 13 cm long, 7.5 cm wide, 9 cm tall, J. Vecrumba collection
The full news article, with caption: Mākslas keramikas un rūpniecības darbnīca „Latkera“ Melles latv. nometnē „Daugava“. 1. Darinājumi no vāczemes māla. 2. Keramikas darbnīcas kopskats, 3. (augšā) māsklin.-grafiķis J. Vecrumba veido. V. Auziņa uzņēm.
Art ceramics and industrial workshop “Latkera” in the Latvian camp “Daugava” in Melle. 1. Items made from German clay. 2. General view of the ceramics workshop. 3. (above) Artist-graphic designer J. Vecrumba at work. Photo by V. Auziņš.

Last we visited, plans to have a ceramics workshop had faltered. Ultimately, however, success was to be had. From Tēvzeme (Fatherland) Nr. 62, August 20, 1947.

Until Peters found the photo, he knew nothing about the ceramics workshop. Until Peters found the newspaper article, he knew nothing about the story behind it — or that this workshop his father built was the source of the tchotchkes he has loved since childhood, always wondering about the story behind them. Goosebumps! The tchotchkes are lined up in a row in the newspaper article photo, including his beloved ceramic elephant and kangaroo.

„ Latviski izrakstītais Vāczemes māls “

Pagājušā vasarā četri trimdas vīri — bij. Rīgas „Kuzņecova” techn. vad. J. Golovizņins, mākslinieks-grafiķis J. Vecrumba, elektroinženieris Ž. Līdums un „Siemensa” firmas Rīgas nod. grāmatvedis A. Lazdiņš Melles latv. nometnē „Daugava” nolēma izveidot mākslas keramikas un praktiškās podniecības darbnīcu „Latkera”. Vienam no tiem bagātīga pieredze, otram mākslinieka talants, pārējiem diviem — laba griba, savienota ar organizācijas prasmi. Trūka tikai līdzekļu, darba rīku un telpu. Es izlūdzos piedošanu par vārdiņu „tikai”, jo pašreiz jau tas izklausās loti vienkārši, tikpat vienkārši un saprotami, kā koši izrakstītā puķu vāze uz Melles DP „rakstāmgalda“, bet „tikai“ pērn daudz kas bija citādi. Daļa nometnes iemītnieku skeptiski purināja galvas un citi atkal šo pasākumu novērtēja kā tīro „silķu spekulāciju“. Arī nometnes komiteja, kas principā atbalstīja pasākumu, jau centās iekalkulēt sev drošas summas, tā līdztekus nodrošinot kontroles tiesības. Viss tas sagādāja darba darītājiem rūgtumu un neuzticību. Beidzot, pēc daudziem braucieniem, meklēšanām un skriešanām, ar UNRRA's vidutājību atrada pagraba telpas kādā vācu fabrikā.

Katru dienu agrā rītā četri vīri darba drēbēs izgāja pa nometnes vārtiem, lai vēlu vakarā noguruši atgrieztos saltā barakā pie plāna azaida galda. Kur viņi gāja un ko darīja — tas pārējos maz interesēja. Daudz, ja kāda nelaikā pamodies pa logu pablenzis, saviem dusošiem kollēgām paziņoja: „Vēl jau trakot agrs — tikko „keramiķi“ aizgāja...“ Tā tas turpinājās visu ziemu. Kad pavasaŗa ūdeņi aizskaloja kvēpus un sniegu, šie paši „četri“ nometnes nomalēs rīkojās ar laužņiem un lāpstām, celdami nezin no kādiem laikiem dubļos iegrimušus ķieģeļus. Tā nebija patīkama nodarbošanās. Atrastie ķieģeļi tika rūpīgi notīrīti un ar rokas ratiņiem aizvesti uz fabriku, lai cieti iegultos dedzināmās krāsns pamatos. Tā pavisam tika savākts ap 2500 ķieģeļu. Kādos apstākļos un kā šie nenogurdināmie spītnieki ir izgatavojuši divas virpas, neskaitāmus modeļus, žāvējamos plauktus un citas palīgierices, tas ir viņu smadzeņu un muskuļu noslēpums. Viens ir drošs: pirkts vai gatav paņemts nav nekas, izņemot vienīgi mālu un ogles (pēdējās ir loti sāpīga problēma).12

Visu maz- un neticīgo valodas apklusa, kad š. g. jūnijā meistars Golovizņins ar saviem draugiem pirmo reizi atvēra dedzināmā cepļa muti un tumšajā pagrabā elektriskā spuldze apmirdzēja skanīgus, glazētus māla traukus, sākot ar praktiskiem podniecībaš ražojumiem un beidzot ar gaumīgi izstrādātām vāzēm, šķīvjiem, dzeŗamiem kausiem un rotaslietām. Protams, bija jau ari daži „kucēni“ jānoslīcina, jo dedzināmās krāsns īpatnības atklājās tikai strādājot.

Kapitāla ieguldījums, neierēķinot darbu, ir ap RM 8000. Atkarībā no priekšmetu lieluma, reizē var apdedzināt 150–250 gab. Kā mācekļi pašreiz strādā 5 DP un 1 vācietis. Jautāti par sava pasākuma sekmīgo izdošanos, čaklie vīri apņēmīgi paskaidro: „Mēs negribam spekulēt, bet tikai godīgi pārdot savu darbu. Mums bija apnicis nīkt dīkā un gaidīt uz svešu žēlastību, kas pagaidām tikai ar vārdiem solās remdināt cilvēku miljoniem nodarītās sāpes un netaisnības. Mēs strādājam, lai aizmirstu savu postu.“

Ar to nav daudz teikts, bet darbs pasaka vairāk — un vāczemes mālā ar uguni tiek iededzināti mūsu tautas krāšnie raksti.

Va—Pe— [Valentīns Pelēcis]

“ Latvian motifs in German clay ”

Last summer, four men in exile — former Riga “Kuzņecovs” technical director J. Golovizņins13, artist and graphic designer J. Vecrumba, electrical engineer Ž. Līdums, and the “Siemens” Riga office accountant A. Lazdiņš — decided to found an art ceramics and practical pottery workshop called “Latkera” in the Latvian DP camp “Daugava” in Melle. One brought rich experience, another — artistic talent, and the other two — strong will combined with organizational skill. What they lacked were resources, tools, and space. I beg pardon for the word “only,” for that now sounds deceptively simple — as simple and unassuming as a brightly painted flower vase on a DP camp “desk.” But “only” meant something very different last year. Some camp residents shook their heads skeptically, while others dismissed the effort as little more than “herring speculation.”14 Even the camp committee, which in principle supported the idea, was already calculating its cut — and with that the right to manage it. All this bred bitterness and mistrust among those doing the actual work. At last, after countless trips, inquiries, and negotiations, with UNRRA’s mediation, they secured a basement space in a German factory.

Each morning, the four men — dressed in work clothes — would leave through the camp gates and return late at night, exhausted, to a cold barrack and a meager supper. Where they went and what they did hardly interested anyone. At most, if someone awoke early and peeked out the window, he might mutter to still-sleeping roommates: “It's insanely early — the ‘potters’ just left…” So it went through the whole winter. When spring rains washed away the soot and snow, these same “four” were seen at the camp’s edge with crowbars and shovels, digging up long-buried bricks from the mud. It was not pleasant work. The recovered bricks were scrubbed clean and hauled by handcart to the factory, where they were laid as the foundation for the firing kiln. Altogether, about 2500 bricks were collected. How these tireless idealists managed to build two potter’s wheels, countless molds, drying shelves, and other tools — that is a secret known only to their minds and muscles. One thing is certain: nothing was bought or pre-made, except for the clay and coal (the latter being a painful challenge in itself).15.

The doubts and disbelief faded when, this June, master Golovizņins and his comrades opened the kiln’s wicket16 for the first time. In the dark basement, an electric bulb cast light onto gleaming, glazed ceramic vessels — ranging from practical pottery to tastefully crafted vases, plates, drinking cups, and ornaments. Of course, a few “puppies” had to be drowned17 — the quirks of a new kiln reveal themselves only through use.

The capital investment, excluding labor, amounts to about RM 8,000. Depending on item size, the kiln can fire 150–250 pieces at once. Currently, five DPs and one German work as apprentices. Asked about the success of their venture, the industrious men resolutely explain: “We don’t want to price gouge, only to sell our work honestly. We were tired of languishing uselessly and waiting on foreign mercy, which for now only promises in words to soothe the pain and injustices done to millions of people. We work in order to forget our devastation.”

The words are few — but the work speaks more. The colorful folk motifs of our people are being glazed, by fire, into German clay.

Va—Pe— [Valentīns Pelēcis]

Read on as we investigate  Silvija's mother's family's path into exile.

More about Melle

  • Sandra Pezzino novelized her family's life during the DP era, including their time in Melle, in her book: Three Small Pebbles. Features photographs and documents.
    Support us! Purchase at Amazon | Kindle↗ | Paperback↗
  • Images from Melle DP camp at DP albums↗, LaPa muzejs (Latvians in the World Museum)

1Osnabruck, Germany. 1945-03-25.↗ Over 600 Lancaster and Halifax aircraft of RAF Bomber Command
2From Nedēļas Apskats (Latvian weekly news) Nr. 13, December 14, 1946.
3Slave Labour in the Nazi Camp System↗
4Kas ir pastalas?↗
5Pastalas are shoes made from a single piece of leather without seams with a wide strap or lace at the top.
6Apskats: Latviešu nometnes "Saule" laikraksts, Nr. 49 June 26, 1946.
7Photo at volgagermaninstitute.org/biographies/becker-hugo↗.
8Latvian convention followed German, where ģimnāzija denotes college-prep high school.
9Jaunaudze Nr. 57 November 21, 1947, "CHRONIKA" column.
10YMCA/YWCA records mention Yugoslavs and Ukrainians in addition to Poles.
11"Lūdz" in Latvian means everything from invite to beg to praying to God, all depending on context. "Lūgt vakariņās" is to invite to dinner, "Lūgt Dievam" is to pray to God.
12Ogle bija tik vērtīga pēckara Vācijā, ka to izmantoja kā naudu melnajā tirgū un mainīja pret precēm vai pakalpojumiem.
13"Kuzņecovs" was a major porcelain factory in Rīga before WWII.
14We suspect this refers to price gouging in food on the active post-WWII German black market.
15Coal was so valuable in post-WWII Germany it was used as money on the black market and traded in kind
16It's most likely the kiln had an opening that was closed with stacked bricks during firing.
17The Latvian saying "Pirmie kuceni jāslīcina, tie neizdodas" refers to initial results being failures. No puppies were harmed.
Archival newspaper reports are reproduced under fair use for historical documentation. Original publisher retains all rights. Translations are ours.
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