Silvija's father
Silvija's mother's reaction to questions about her DP past was a response of mixed pain and indignation. Silvija did finally get her father to agree to tell her after the winter holidays, but he fell ill and died on Christmas. He loved the snow — and a day later it snowed eleven inches in Virginia. We took it as a comfort he was looking over us.
It is no surprise, though, that Silvija's parents were reticent. Hearing what was happening under the German invaders, young Henry was sent to warn his mother's best friend, who was Jewish. Making his way across fields strewn with bodies, he made it to her apartment only to find her beheaded by the Nazis. Later, in the DP camps, American GIs accosted him and asked his name. "Heinrich." They cut him up and slit his throat, taking him to be a German, and left him to die.
Peters has his father's photograph with DP itinerary written on the back. Silvija has her family's inscribed family cookbook to point us to Flensburg and a name's day post card to her grandmother a month later after arriving in Lübeck. But Silvija doesn't have any artifacts of her father's and grandmother's time in the DP camps or record of which camps they were in, or of the likely year-and-a-half between the time they arrived in still Nazi Germany and Heinrich first appeared in the Würzburg DP newspaper sports section.
Czechoslovakia
Family lore is that her father and his mother spent time in Czechoslovakia. That would certainly account for where they might have resided after first arriving in Germany. It tracks with Peters' parents, who wound up in Saxony's Eibenstock, a proverbial stone's throw away (less than 5 miles/8 km from the border, the district runs along the border) from Czechoslovakia's then German-speaking Nazi-occupied Sudetenland, before fleeing the Soviet advance westward.
Researching when Latvians might have arrived in Würzburg, we ran across another account pointing to Sudetenland and environs as a prior first destination, in line with Peter's parents' and Silvija's father's experiences.
No Liepājas līdz Vircburgai ar pieturām pa ceļam
From Liepāja to Würzburg with stops en route
Arrival in Würzburg — Vircburga
We now know from archives that Würzburg was the last DP camp Silvija's father and his mother were in. Until more archival records are made available, we won't know their exact journey to Würzburg other than they arrived by early 1946.
Basketball
Peter's father's artistic activities in the DP camps left behind a journalistic record. And one of Peters' fellow choir members recalls him being her school art instructor. Silvija's mother's family members aren't mentioned in any DP newspapers; however, her father did make it into the news as a promising young basketball player. The first news report we find of Silvija's father is playing in a basketball tournament. Vircburgas Latviešu Vēstis (Würzburg Latvian Herald) Nr. 9, March 16, 1946.
„ BASKETBOLA ZIBEŅTURNĪRS “
“BASKETBALL LIGHTNING TOURNAMENT”
Silvija's father appears in the Latvian newspaper some fifty times from 1946 to 1950 — most notably, including an account from 1950 that Heinrichs, "Henry", now in the U.S., participated with (likely a "try-out") the Washington Capitols↗, as reported in the Washington Post. The Capitols were a member of the the Basketball Association of America↗ (BAA), a North American professional basketball league founded in 1946. Following its third season, 1948–49, the BAA merged with the National Basketball League↗ (NBL) to form the National Basketball Association↗ (NBA). In that merger, the league shrank from 17 teams to 11 before the 1950–51 season began. The Capitols made it halfway through the 1950–1951 season, when that franchise was also disbanded after a 10–15 won/lost record. Owing to financial difficulties, the team had traded away their best players, with the inevitable result. Notably, the Capitols were home to Earl Lloyd, the first black player to play in the NBA.
Track and field
One of the last mentions of Silvija's father in the DP newspapers isn't for basketball but for the long jump. We found this compilation of best results of the previous season in Latviešu Sports: Latviešu Sporta Pārvaldes Lielbritānija officiozs, Nr. 2 (March 15, 1950):
„ LABĀKIE JAUNATNES sasniegumi PAGĀJUŠĀ SEZONĀ “
Datus sakopojis Gundārs Grīslītis
Cik daudz gan mūsu trimdas laikā nav lauzts šķēpu, diskutējot par sporta derīgumu vai kaitīgumu, īpaši mūsu jaunatnei. Un jāteic — vēl šobaltdien sportam un fiziskai kultūrai ir daudz jo daudz aizliedzēju, bet ir arī daudz dedzīgu atbalstītāju un pailīgu.
Šiem sporta jaunatnes draugiem krietnāko gandarījumu dāvājusi pati jaunatne, kas paturot možu garu, dažbrīd pat neapskaužami grūtos apstākļos, atlicina laiku un rod vietu sporta nodarbēm. Paraugoties mūsu vieglatlētu pagājušās sezonas varējumos, vērojams, ka daudzās disciplīnās 10 labāko vidū atrodas ari jaunatnes pārstāvji. Sieviešu sacensībās jaunās vieglatlētes statistikā ieņem pat "lauvas tiesu".
Ši ir tā audze, no kuras mums jāgaida mūsu krietnās sporta slavas vēl dižāka jundīšana. Viņi ir tie, kas sasniegumos vēl tālāk augot, reiz nākamībā pārstāvēs Latvijas vārdu pasaules priekšā, tādēļ dosim vietu un atzinīgi novērtēsim Šo visjaunāko atlētu sasniegumus jau šodien!
Zēnu (1931.g.un jaunāku) sacensības:
(Meiteņu sasniegumi nākošā Nr.)
“THE BEST YOUTH ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PAST SEASON”
Data compiled by Gundārs Grīslītis3
How fiercely have we debated [Lauzt šķiepus, "to break spears," in the original Latvian is an idiom meaning to express sharply differing opinions, e.g., arguing, debating] throughout our time in exile, arguing over the value or harm of sports, particularly for our youth. And it must be said — even today, sports and physical education have many detractors, but also many passionate supporters and enthusiasts.
These friends of youth sports have been rewarded by the youth themselves, who, keeping spirits high — sometimes even in unimaginably difficult conditions — still find time and make room for athletics. Looking at our track and field athletes' results from the past season, we see that in many disciplines, young competitors are ranked among the top ten. In women's competitions, the new generation of athletes claims the "lion's share" of the statistics.
This is the generation from whom we can expect a reinvigoration of our considerable sporting glory. They are the ones who, by achieving even greater heights, will one day represent Latvia on the world stage. Therefore, let us make room and appreciatively acknowledge these youngest athletes' accomplishments today!
Boys' (born 1931 and younger) competitions:
(Girls' achievements in the next issue.)
"We understand why you highlighted Baiksits, but why Bluķis? And what's the significance of 1931?"
When Peters was a member of the New York Latvian Concert Choir↗, he counted Uldis Bluķis among his choir-mates. Peters checked archive records and found only two people named Uldis Bluķis who had emigrated to the U.S. from the DP camps, both of whom would have been contemporaries of Silvija's father, meaning a 50:50 chance Peters knew the Uldis who competed against Silvija's father. Unfortunately, born 1931 and later ultimately didn't narrow the choice of Uldises because Silvija's father and one Uldis were born in 1930 (both technically a year older than the cutoff), the other Uldis in 1933.
Würzburg "Y"
Given how formative sports were to Silvija's father, this article from the inaugural YMCA Würzburg bulletin, September 14, 1946, explains the mission of the YMCA. As you can read ahead in World's YMCA/YWCA and YWCA Latvian nursery, the World's YMCA/YWCA was about far more than organizing sports.
„ Kas ir YMCA? “
Šis vārds, neraugoties uz ārējo popularitāti, savā būtībā plašai publikai arvien vēl ir palicis stipri svešs. Bieži vien sastopam pat inteliģentus ļaudis, kuri par YMCA darbību un mērķiem nezin nekā, labākā gadījumā — domā, ka tā ir speciāli kāda sporta biedrība, par kuŗu lai interesējas tie, kas dzenas pēc rekordiem sportā. Pārējos šīs lietas neinteresē, šādi nepareizi ieskati daudzkārt ir radījuši arī sekas, kuras kaitē netikvien organizācijai, ber skar negatīvi arī to kultūras darbu, ko tā strādā. Un vēl dažs te domājas redzam kādu slepenu internacionālu centralizētu organizāciju. Pametīsim tamdēļ skatu YMCA vēsturē un darbā. Varbūt kaut kas kļūs skaidrāks.
Vārds YMCA ir veidojies no četru vārdu (angliski) pirmajiem burtiem: Y(oung) M(en['s]) C(hristian) A(ssociation), kas latviskots ir — „ Jaunekļu Kristīgā Savienība “, kuŗu saīsināti apzīmē — JKS.
YMCA pamatideju — ka pilnvērtīgs cilvēks ir tikai tāds, kurā līdzsvaroti ir attīstīti gars, miesa un prāts — pirmais sāka izcelt 23 gadus vecais tirdzniecības māceklis Georgs Viljams. Kopā ar dažiem domu biedriem viņš 1845. g. nodibināja biedrību, kura saucās: Jaunu cilvēku kristīgā biedrība. Biedrības mērķi visā pasaulē sabiedrību tā ieinteresēja, ka jau 1855. g. Parīzē nodibinājās YMCA Pasaules Komiteja. Darbs attīstījās tik intensīvi, ka 1914. g., pirmā pasaules kaŗa sākumā, 64 valstīs YMCA biedru skaits sniedzās jau pie 2 miljoniem. Šis ārkārtīgais biedrības uzplaukums liecina, ka viņa toreizi bija atradusi īsto nostāju pret toreizējo „ modes “ mācību — racionālismu, kurš sakņojās franču revolūcijas atplūdu laikmeta brīvdomībā.
Kā simbolu YMCA pieņēma vienādmalu trijstūri sarkana krāsā, kuru horizontāli šķērsoja zila taisna lenta uz kuras zeltkrāsā bija likti YMCA iniciāli, šī trijstūri prototips ir kabbalistiskais dievības vārda trijstūris, kuŗa atveidu vēl tagad sastopam dažās kristīgo konfesiju baznicās virs altāŗa vai citur kā trijstūri ar izstarojošu gaismu, vai arī acs-attēlu vidū (Dievs visuredzētājs). YMCA vienādmalu trijstūris apzīmē cilvēku, kurš iemieso dievišķo gaismu. Pilnvērtīgs cilvēks uzskatams tas, kuŗa līdzvērtīgi ir attīstītas visas trijās, viņa dabu sastādošas daļas: spirit, body, mind. Tas ir trichotomiskā uzskata par cilvēka dabu tālākveidojums (nephesh, ruach, meshamah — pie žīdiem; soma, psiche, pneuma — grieķiem; miesa, dvēsele, gars — kristīgā pasaulē).
YMCA darbība iet visos šaīs trijos virzienos. Ir iespējams, ka darbība vienā daļā attīstās intensīvāk, nekā otrā. Tas stāv atkarībā no speciālistiem un darbinieku aktīvitātes. Arī te jācenšas panākt līdzsvars. Garīgās daļas (spirit) uzdevums ir — sekmēt cilvēka gara attīstību. Tamdēļ par YMCA aktīvu biedri var būt tikai tas, kuŗš stāv uz ideālistiska pasaules uzskata pamata, kura domāšanas veids ir radniecīgs teistiskai filosofijai (atzīst, ka Dievs ir liela vienpersonība, ārpus laika un telpas, kuŗa ņem dzīvu dalību cilvēka un pasaules likteņos). YMCA neatzīst materiālistisko pasaules uzskatu Demokrita, de la Mettrie, Holbacha, Marksa v. c. līdzīgu izpratnē. Šādā garā ir radīta arī tā sauktā „ Parīzes deklarācija “, saskaņā ar kuŗu jādzīvo un kuŗa jāparaksta ikvienam aKtīvam imkietim. Pārējie, kas būtu citādās domās, bet gribētu ņemt dalību YMCA no darbībās, skaitās — apmeklētāji, bez tiesibām veidot un vadīt biedrības organizēto dzīvi. Garīgās daļas uzdevums — sarīkot dievkalpojumus, bībeles stundas, organizēt Svētdienas skolas, noturēt lekcijas un referātus sabiedriski — audzinošā, reliģiskā garā, galveno vērību piegriežot praktiskai kristietībai. YMCA savā pirmsākumā ir tīri protestantiska organizācija, bet vēlāk un līdz pat mūsu dienām pamazām paliek interkonfessionāla.
Otrā (body) daļa rūpējas par cilvēka miesas attīstību tieši viņas fizioloģiskā izpratnē, Šī fiziskās audzināšanas daļa grib iespējami labi sagatavot un norūdīt cilvēka miesu, lai tā vieglāk spētu pārvarēt dzīvē sastopamos kavēkļus. Šai nolūkā viņa piekopj vingrošanu un visādas sporta spēles, lai katram biedrim būtu iespējams savu fizisko personu attīstīt visā pilnībā savu dabas dotību virzienā un apjomā.
Trešās daļas (mind) uzdevums ir — rūpēties par cilvēka dvēseliskās (organizētā miesa) puses, ar citiem vārdiem plašākā izpratnē — prāta daļas attīstību. Te YMCA rūpējas par praktiskās izglītības daļu. Viņa organizē kursus, arodnieciskas lekcijas, dibina korus, teātŗus, mācības iestādes, klubus, izdod literatūru, rūpijas par arodu apmācību, šim nolūkam rīko darbnīcas un seko mācekļu apmācībai.
Visas šīs nodarbības galvenokārt skar jauniešus un pieaugušos ļaudis. Jaunatnes nodaļa rūpējas par zēnu audzināšanu YMCA garā. Jau no sešu gadu vecuma bērnus pulcina Svētdienas skola. Vēlākos gados jaunatni organizē speciālos, viņu spējām, zināšinām un tieksmēm atbilstošos, pulciņos sevišķu audzinātāju vadībā. Šim nelūkam pie YMCA var dibināties arī skautu pulciņi un kopas, kuri savukārt atrodas saistībās ar savām centrālām organizācijām. YMCA nav skautisma turpinājums un skautisms neko nevar iesākt ar YMCA uzdevumiem. Šīs organizācijas ne savā uzbūvē, ne darbības veidos nav identiskas. Skautiem nav YMCA plašo uzdevumu, tāpat kā zēniem nevar būt ne vīra uzdevumu, ne pienākumu. Sports ir tikai fakultatīvs un ne tādā izpratnē, kā YMCA, kur tas pieņem jau meistarības nokrāsu amatierisma veidā. Praktisko nodarbību daļa nav tikai rotaļveidīga ziņkāres apmierināšana, bet tā meklē un dod pamatus tieši praktiskai dzīvei. YMCA jaunieši var pilnīgi brīvi sastāvēt jebkādās citās organizācijas, ja vien viņu mērķi nav pretēji YMCA vadošām idejām. Agrāko gadu piedzīvojumi rāda, ka jaunatne nekādā gadījumā nav spiežama kādā organizācijā iestāties. Te viņiem jādod pilnīgi brīva izvēle. Jebkāda veida piespiešana, vai tiesību aprobežošana paidagoģiski pilnīgi nepielaižama.
Pie YMCA pastāv vēl Dāmu Komiteja, kuŗa komplektējas no biedru sieviešu kārtas ģimenes locekļiem un tiem tuvām personām. Pag. gadsimta beigās YMCA idejas plaši atbalsojās sieviešu emancipācijas kustībā. Radās YWCA, t. i. Jaunu sieviešu kristīgā savienība. Kaut gan darbībā atsevišķas, tās tomēr tagad apvienotas World YMCA and YWCA centrālā kopīgā pārvaldē. Darbinieču trūkuma dēļ patlaban YWCA ne visur būs nodibināma, bet Dāmu Komitejas visas sievietes varēs saistīt ne mazāk labi, gandrīz vēl vai plašākā apjomā. Amerikā ir sastopamas arī jau tā sauktās „ ģimeņu YMCA's “, kuŗās oficiāli ieiet abēja dzimuma personas.
Latvijā YMCA nodibinājās 1919. g. Rīgā. Tās pirmie trīs direktori bija amerikāņi Hansens, Andersons un Greiners. Biedrībai piederēja savs prāvs vairakstāvu nams ar dažādu nodarbību telpām un bagātu inventāru, kā arī labi ierīkots sporta laukums. Latvijas YMCA'i bija jau pasaules slava. To visu iznīcināja komunistu iebrukums 1940. g.
World YMCA kā privāta organizācija pirmā pasaules kara laikā, blakus saviem tiešajiem mērķiem, veica milzīgu starptautiskās palīdzības darbu. To pašu viņa dara arī tagad. Šo organizēto darbu pulnā apmērā ir novērtējusi UNO, iesaistot YMCA DP aprūpības darbā UNRRA'i palīgā. Šīs attiecības ikvienam YMCA biedrim ir skaidras un skaidrs arī ir ikviena uzdevums: sekmēt šo attiecību labu izveidošanos.
Emigrācijā latviešu YMCA ir veidojusēs šo pašu veco tradīciju vadlīnijās. Te, Vircburgā, viņa atrada priekšā sportistu kopu, kas izveidojās par Fiziskās audzināšanas daļu. Pate dibināšana notika tūliņ pēc tam, kad LCK lēmumi tam bija devuši oficiālo pamatu. Mūsu nodaļai sākumā bija grūts ceļš priekšā. Nebija telpu, nebija līdzekļu. Sakaru izveidošana arī prasīja laiku. Šo grūtību lielai daļai esam jau pāri.
Patlaban YMCA biedru skaits Vircburgā pārsniedz 450, kas iztaisa ap 12% no iemītnieku skaita. Viss tas sasniegts ar neatlaidīgu darbu bez liekas aģitācijas. Katram kulturālam cilvēkam YMCA mērķi paši par sevi ir jau labākā aģitācija. Un ja ir vēl ļaudis ar YMCA ideāliem pretēju pārliecību, kuŗi cenšas to diskreditēt, vai pat aktīvi strādāt pretim, rad tas mūs tikai pārliecina par ietā ceļa pareizību.
Ē[riks?] Grants
“What is the YMCA?”
Despite its external popularity, the essence of this acronym has still remained largely unknown to the general public. We often encounter even well-informed people who know nothing about the YMCA's activities and goals. At best, they think it is specifically some kind of sports society that should only interest those chasing sports records. The rest are not interested in this matter, and such incorrect views have frequently created consequences that harm not only the organization but also negatively impact the cultural work it carries out. Furthermore, some people even think they see in it some clandestine, international, centralized organization. Let us therefore abandon this view and look into the YMCA's history and work. Perhaps something will become clearer.
The acronym YMCA is formed from the first letters of four English words: Y(oung) M(en['s]) C(hristian) A(ssociation). In Latvian, this is "Jaunekļu Kristīgā Savienība", abbreviated as JKS.
The basic idea of YMCA — that a complete human is only one in whom spirit, body, and mind are developed in a balanced way — was first emphasized by a 23-year-old commerce apprentice, George Williams↗. Together with a few like-minded comrades, he founded a society in 1845 called the Young Men's Christian Association↗. The society's goals interested the public worldwide so much that the YMCA World Committee was already founded in Paris in 1855. The work developed so intensively that by 1914, at the start of the First World War, the number of YMCA members in 64 countries had already reached nearly 2 million. This extraordinary growth of the society testifies that it had found the right stance against the then "fashionable" doctrine of rationalism, which was rooted in the freethinking of the flood tide era of the French Revolution.
For its symbol, the YMCA adopted an equilateral triangle in red, crossed horizontally by a straight blue ribbon on which the YMCA initials were placed in gold. The prototype of this triangle is the cabbalistic triangle of the divine name, a representation of which we still encounter in some Christian churches above the altar or elsewhere — a triangle with radiating light, or with an image of an eye in the middle (God the All-Seeing). The YMCA equilateral triangle signifies a human who embodies divine light. A complete human is considered to be one whose three constituent parts of nature are developed equally: spirit, body, mind. This is a further formation of the trichotomous view of human nature (nephesh, ruach, neshamah — among Jews; soma, psyche, pneuma — among Greeks; body, soul, spirit — in the Christian world).
The YMCA's activities encompass all three of these directions. It is possible that activity in one area develops more intensively than in another. This depends on the activity of specialists and employees. Here, too, one must strive to achieve balance. The task of the spiritual part (spirit) is to promote the development of the human spirit. Therefore, only someone who stands on the basis of an idealistic world view, a way of thinking akin to theistic philosophy, can be an active member of YMCA. (This philosophy acknowledges that God is a great single person, outside of time and space, who takes a living part in human and world destinies). YMCA does not acknowledge the materialistic world view of Democritus↗, de La Mettrie↗, Holbach↗, Marx↗, and others in any similar understanding. Created in this spirit is the so-called "Paris Declaration"↗,4 according to which every active member must live and which they must sign. Others who might think differently but wish to take part in YMCA activities are considered visitors, without the right to form and lead the society's organized life. The task of the spiritual part is to arrange worship services, Bible study hours, organize Sunday schools, and hold lectures and reports in a public, upbringing, and religious spirit, turning its main attention to practical Christianity. In its beginnings, YMCA was a purely Protestant organization, but later, and up to our own days, it has gradually become interdenominational.
The second part (body) takes care of the development of the human body precisely in its physiological understanding. This physical upbringing part aims to prepare and train the human body as well as possible, so that it can more easily overcome obstacles encountered in life. For this purpose, it promotes gymnastics and all sorts of sports games, so that every member has the opportunity to develop his physical person to the fullest completeness, in the direction and scope of his natural gifts.
The task of the third part (mind) is to take care of the human psychic side (the organized body), or in other words, in a broader understanding, the development of the mind. Here, YMCA takes care of the practical education part. It organizes courses, vocational lectures, founds choirs, theaters, educational institutions, clubs, publishes literature, takes care of trade training, and for this purpose arranges workshops and oversees apprentice training.
All these activities primarily concern young people and adults. The youth department takes care of boys' upbringing in the YMCA spirit. From the age of six, children are gathered in Sunday school. In later years, the youth are organized into special small groups, corresponding to their abilities, knowledge, and inclinations, under the leadership of particular educators. For this purpose, scout groups and societies can also be founded within YMCA, which in turn are connected to their central organizations. YMCA is not a continuation of scouting, and scouting cannot initiate anything related to YMCA's tasks. These organizations are not identical, neither in their structure nor in their methods of activity. Scouts do not have YMCA's broad tasks, just as boys cannot have the tasks or duties of a man. Sport is only an optional activity and not understood in the same way as in YMCA, where it assumes the hue of mastery in an amateur form. The part involving practical activities is not just a playful satisfaction of curiosity, but it seeks and provides foundations precisely for practical life. YMCA youth can freely belong to any other organizations, provided their goals are not contrary to YMCA's leading ideas. Experiences from earlier years show that young people must in no case be forced to join any organization. They must be given complete freedom of choice. Any kind of coercion or limitation of rights is pedagogically completely inadmissible.
At the YMCA, there also exists a Ladies' Committee, which is composed of female family members of the (male) members and persons close to them. At the end of the last century, YMCA ideas found a wide echo in the women's emancipation movement. The YWCA arose, i.e., the Young Women's Christian Association. Although separate in their activities, they are now united under the common central administration of the World YMCA and YWCA. Owing to a lack of female workers, YWCA cannot currently be established everywhere, but the Ladies' Committees can bind all women no less effectively, and almost on a broader scale. In America, there are also so-called "family YMCAs," into which persons of both sexes officially enter.
The Latvian YMCA was founded in 1919, in Riga. Its first three directors were Americans: [Rudolf] Hansen, [Harry Dewey] Anderson, and [John Casper] Greiner. The society owned its own sizable multi-story building with various activity rooms and a rich inventory, as well as a well-equipped sports field. Latvia's YMCA already enjoyed world recognition. All of this was destroyed by the communist invasion in 1940.
As a private organization during the First World War, the World YMCA, alongside its direct goals, carried out a huge international assistance work. It does the same now. The United Nations has appreciated this organized work on a large scale, involving YMCA in Displaced Persons (DP) care work to assist UNRRA. These relations are clear to every YMCA member, and everyone's task is also clear: to promote the good formation of these relations.
In emigration, the Latvian YMCA has been formed along the guidelines of these same old traditions. Here, in Würzburg, it found an existing athletes' society, which became the Physical Upbringing part. The section's founding took place soon after the LCK's decisions had provided the official foundation for it. Our section initially had a hard road ahead. There were no premises and no means. Establishing connections also required time. For the most part, we are already over these difficulties.
Currently, the number of YMCA members in Würzburg exceeds 450, which constitutes about 12% of the number of inhabitants. All this has been achieved through unrelenting effort without excessive recruiting. For every cultured human being, the YMCA's goals in themselves are the best agitation. And if there are still people with convictions contrary to the YMCA's ideals, who try to discredit it or even work actively against it, that only convinces us all the more of the correctness of our chosen path.
Ē[riks?] Grants
Read on for more about life in Würzburg.
| 1, | at LaPa Muzejs.↗ |
| 3 | In another case of "if we had only begun this project earlier...", Gundāŗs passed away earlier this year, July 24, 2025, at the age of 93. The last days of gathering living memory from the DP camps are here. |
| 4 | Paris Basis, adopted 22 August 1855 at the 1st World YMCA Conference in Paris. |
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